APG Patterns
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日本語 GitHub

Feed

A scrollable list of articles where new content may be added as the user scrolls, enabling keyboard navigation between articles using Page Up/Down.

🤖 AI Implementation Guide

Demo

Navigate articles using Page Down (next) and Page Up (previous). Use Ctrl+End to move focus after the feed, Ctrl+Home to move focus before the feed. Scroll to the bottom to automatically load more articles.

aria-busy: When loading new articles, aria-busy="true" is set on the feed to prevent screen readers from announcing incomplete content. Once loading completes, it's set back to false.

Keyboard Navigation
Page Down / Page Up
Move between articles
Ctrl + End
Move focus after feed
Ctrl + Home
Move focus before feed

Understanding the Feed Pattern

Deep dive into the APG Feed pattern implementation.

The Feed pattern is designed for content that loads dynamically as users scroll. Unlike other patterns, Feed is a structure that allows screen readers to use their default reading mode.

Keyboard Navigation Best Practices

Tips for implementing effective keyboard navigation.

Effective keyboard navigation is crucial for accessibility. This article explores Page Up/Down navigation in feeds and how it differs from other patterns that use arrow keys.

ARIA Attributes Deep Dive

Understanding ARIA roles, states, and properties.

ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) provides attributes that define ways to make web content and applications more accessible.

Open demo only →

Accessibility Features

WAI-ARIA Roles

Role Target Element Description
feed Container element A dynamic list of articles where scrolling may add/remove content
article Each article element Independent content item within the feed

WAI-ARIA APG Feed Pattern (opens in new tab)

Note: Feed is a Structure, Not a Widget

Unlike widget patterns (e.g., Listbox, Menu), the feed pattern is a structure. This means assistive technologies can use their default reading mode when navigating feed content. The feed role enables users to navigate articles using Page Up/Down while still allowing natural reading within each article.

WAI-ARIA Properties

Attribute Target Values Required Description
aria-label Feed container Text Conditional* Accessible name for the feed
aria-labelledby Feed container ID reference Conditional* References visible heading for the feed
aria-labelledby Each article ID reference Yes References the article title element
aria-describedby Each article ID reference Recommended References the article description or content
aria-posinset Each article Number (1-based) Yes Position of article in the feed (starts at 1)
aria-setsize Each article Number or -1 Yes Total articles in feed, or -1 if unknown

* Either aria-label or aria-labelledby is required on the feed container. Use aria-labelledby when a visible heading exists.

WAI-ARIA States

aria-busy

Indicates when the feed is loading new content. Screen readers will wait to announce changes until loading completes.

Target Feed container
Values true | false
Required Conditional (when loading occurs)
Change Trigger Loading starts (true), loading completes (false)
Reference aria-busy (opens in new tab)

Note: Set to true when adding multiple articles to prevent premature announcements. Set to false after all DOM updates are complete.

Keyboard Support

Key Action
Page Down Move focus to next article in the feed
Page Up Move focus to previous article in the feed
Ctrl + End Move focus to first focusable element after the feed
Ctrl + Home Move focus to first focusable element before the feed

Why Page Up/Down instead of Arrow keys? Feeds contain long-form content like articles. Using Page Up/Down allows users to navigate between articles while Arrow keys remain available for reading within articles.

Important: Keyboard Documentation

The Feed pattern uses Page Up/Down for navigation, which differs from common widget patterns that use Arrow keys. As the APG specification (opens in new tab) notes: "Due to the lack of convention, providing easily discoverable keyboard interface documentation is especially important." Always display keyboard hints near the feed to help users discover these navigation options.

Focus Management

Behavior Description
Roving tabindex Only one article has tabindex="0", others have tabindex="-1"
Initial focus First article has tabindex="0" by default
Focus tracking tabindex updates as focus moves between articles
No wrap Focus does not wrap from first to last article or vice versa
Content inside articles Interactive elements inside articles remain keyboard accessible

Source Code

Feed.tsx
import { useCallback, useEffect, useId, useRef, useState } from 'react';

/**
 * Feed Article data structure
 */
export interface FeedArticle {
  /** Unique identifier for the article */
  id: string;
  /** Article title (required for aria-labelledby) */
  title: string;
  /** Optional description (used for aria-describedby) */
  description?: string;
  /** Article content (React elements are safe from XSS) */
  content: React.ReactNode;
}

/**
 * Feed component props
 */
export interface FeedProps extends Omit<React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>, 'role'> {
  /** Array of article data */
  articles: FeedArticle[];
  /** Accessible name for the feed (mutually exclusive with aria-labelledby) */
  'aria-label'?: string;
  /** ID reference to visible label (mutually exclusive with aria-label) */
  'aria-labelledby'?: string;
  /**
   * Total number of articles
   * - undefined: use articles.length (auto-calculate)
   * - -1: unknown total (infinite scroll)
   * - positive number: explicit total count
   */
  setSize?: number;
  /** Loading state (suppresses onLoadMore during loading) */
  loading?: boolean;
  /** Callback when more content should be loaded (called automatically on scroll) */
  onLoadMore?: () => void;
  /**
   * Callback when focus changes between articles
   * @param articleId - ID of the focused article
   * @param index - Index of the focused article (0-based)
   */
  onFocusChange?: (articleId: string, index: number) => void;
  /** Disable automatic infinite scroll (manual load only) */
  disableAutoLoad?: boolean;
  /** Intersection Observer root margin for triggering load (default: "200px") */
  loadMoreRootMargin?: string;
}

/**
 * Feed Pattern Component
 *
 * A feed is a section of a page that automatically loads new sections of content
 * as the user scrolls. It is a structure (not a widget), allowing assistive
 * technologies to use their default reading mode.
 *
 * @see https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/patterns/feed/
 *
 * Features:
 * - Page Up/Down navigation between articles (not Arrow keys)
 * - Ctrl+Home/End to escape the feed
 * - Roving tabindex on articles
 * - aria-busy during dynamic loading
 * - aria-posinset/aria-setsize on each article
 */
export function Feed({
  articles,
  'aria-label': ariaLabel,
  'aria-labelledby': ariaLabelledby,
  setSize,
  loading = false,
  onLoadMore,
  onFocusChange,
  disableAutoLoad = false,
  loadMoreRootMargin = '200px',
  className,
  ...rest
}: FeedProps) {
  const baseId = useId();
  const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
  const articleRefs = useRef<(HTMLElement | null)[]>([]);
  const sentinelRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
  const [focusedIndex, setFocusedIndex] = useState(0);

  // Warn if no accessible name is provided
  useEffect(() => {
    if (!ariaLabel && !ariaLabelledby) {
      console.warn(
        'Feed: An accessible name is required. ' +
          'Provide either aria-label or aria-labelledby prop.'
      );
    }
  }, [ariaLabel, ariaLabelledby]);

  // Calculate aria-setsize
  const computedSetSize = setSize !== undefined ? setSize : articles.length;

  // Intersection Observer for infinite scroll
  useEffect(() => {
    if (disableAutoLoad || !onLoadMore || !sentinelRef.current) return;

    const sentinel = sentinelRef.current;
    const observer = new IntersectionObserver(
      (entries) => {
        const entry = entries[0];
        if (entry.isIntersecting && !loading) {
          onLoadMore();
        }
      },
      {
        rootMargin: loadMoreRootMargin,
        threshold: 0,
      }
    );

    observer.observe(sentinel);

    return () => {
      observer.disconnect();
    };
  }, [disableAutoLoad, loading, onLoadMore, loadMoreRootMargin]);

  // Focus an article by index
  const focusArticle = useCallback(
    (index: number) => {
      const article = articleRefs.current[index];
      if (article) {
        article.focus();
        setFocusedIndex(index);
        if (onFocusChange && articles[index]) {
          onFocusChange(articles[index].id, index);
        }
      }
    },
    [articles, onFocusChange]
  );

  // Find focusable element outside the feed
  const focusOutsideFeed = useCallback((direction: 'before' | 'after') => {
    const feedElement = containerRef.current;
    if (!feedElement) return;

    const focusableSelector =
      'a[href], button:not([disabled]), input:not([disabled]), ' +
      'select:not([disabled]), textarea:not([disabled]), ' +
      '[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])';

    // Get all focusable elements in document order
    const allFocusable = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>(focusableSelector));

    // Find the index range of feed elements
    let feedStartIndex = -1;
    let feedEndIndex = -1;

    for (let i = 0; i < allFocusable.length; i++) {
      if (feedElement.contains(allFocusable[i]) || allFocusable[i] === feedElement) {
        if (feedStartIndex === -1) feedStartIndex = i;
        feedEndIndex = i;
      }
    }

    if (direction === 'before') {
      // Find the last focusable element before the feed
      if (feedStartIndex > 0) {
        allFocusable[feedStartIndex - 1].focus();
      }
    } else {
      // Find the first focusable element after the feed
      if (feedEndIndex >= 0 && feedEndIndex < allFocusable.length - 1) {
        allFocusable[feedEndIndex + 1].focus();
      }
    }
  }, []);

  // Handle keyboard navigation
  const handleKeyDown = useCallback(
    (event: React.KeyboardEvent) => {
      // Find which article (or element inside article) has focus
      const { target } = event;
      if (!(target instanceof HTMLElement)) return;

      let currentIndex = focusedIndex;

      // Check if focus is on an article or inside an article
      for (let i = 0; i < articleRefs.current.length; i++) {
        const article = articleRefs.current[i];
        if (article && (article === target || article.contains(target))) {
          currentIndex = i;
          break;
        }
      }

      switch (event.key) {
        case 'PageDown':
          event.preventDefault();
          if (currentIndex < articles.length - 1) {
            focusArticle(currentIndex + 1);
          }
          break;

        case 'PageUp':
          event.preventDefault();
          if (currentIndex > 0) {
            focusArticle(currentIndex - 1);
          }
          break;

        case 'End':
          if (event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) {
            event.preventDefault();
            focusOutsideFeed('after');
          }
          break;

        case 'Home':
          if (event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) {
            event.preventDefault();
            focusOutsideFeed('before');
          }
          break;
      }
    },
    [articles.length, focusArticle, focusOutsideFeed, focusedIndex]
  );

  // Handle focus on article
  const handleArticleFocus = useCallback(
    (index: number) => {
      setFocusedIndex(index);
      if (onFocusChange && articles[index]) {
        onFocusChange(articles[index].id, index);
      }
    },
    [articles, onFocusChange]
  );

  return (
    <div
      ref={containerRef}
      role="feed"
      aria-label={ariaLabel}
      aria-labelledby={ariaLabelledby}
      aria-busy={loading}
      className={['apg-feed', className].filter(Boolean).join(' ')}
      onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
      {...rest}
    >
      {articles.map((article, index) => {
        const titleId = `${baseId}-article-${article.id}-title`;
        const descId = article.description ? `${baseId}-article-${article.id}-desc` : undefined;

        return (
          <article
            key={article.id}
            ref={(el) => {
              articleRefs.current[index] = el;
            }}
            className="apg-feed-article"
            tabIndex={index === focusedIndex ? 0 : -1}
            aria-labelledby={titleId}
            aria-describedby={descId}
            aria-posinset={index + 1}
            aria-setsize={computedSetSize}
            onFocus={() => handleArticleFocus(index)}
          >
            <h3 id={titleId}>
              <a
                href="#"
                className="apg-feed-article-title-link"
                onClick={(e) => e.preventDefault()}
              >
                {article.title}
              </a>
            </h3>
            {article.description && <p id={descId}>{article.description}</p>}
            <div className="apg-feed-article-content">{article.content}</div>
          </article>
        );
      })}
      {/* Sentinel element for infinite scroll detection */}
      {onLoadMore && !disableAutoLoad && (
        <div ref={sentinelRef} aria-hidden="true" style={{ height: '1px', visibility: 'hidden' }} />
      )}
    </div>
  );
}

export default Feed;

Usage

Example
import { Feed } from './Feed';

const articles = [
  {
    id: 'article-1',
    title: 'Getting Started with React',
    description: 'Learn the basics of React development',
    content: <p>Full article content here...</p>
  },
  {
    id: 'article-2',
    title: 'Advanced Patterns',
    description: 'Explore advanced React patterns',
    content: <p>Full article content here...</p>
  }
];

function App() {
  return (
    <Feed
      articles={articles}
      aria-label="Blog posts"
      setSize={-1}
      loading={false}
      onLoadMore={() => console.log('Load more articles')}
      onFocusChange={(id, index) => console.log('Focused:', id, index)}
    />
  );
}

API

Feed Props

Prop Type Default Description
articles FeedArticle[] required Array of article items
aria-label string conditional Accessible name (required if no aria-labelledby)
aria-labelledby string conditional ID reference to visible heading
setSize number articles.length Total count or -1 if unknown
loading boolean false Loading state (sets aria-busy)
onLoadMore () => void - Callback to load more articles
onFocusChange (articleId: string, index: number) => void - Callback when focus changes

FeedArticle Interface

Types
interface FeedArticle {
  id: string;
  title: string;
  description?: string;
  content: React.ReactNode;
}

Testing

Tests verify APG compliance across ARIA structure, keyboard navigation, focus management, and dynamic loading states. The Feed component uses a two-layer testing strategy.

Testing Strategy

Unit Tests (Container API / Testing Library)

Verify the component's HTML output and basic interactions. These tests ensure correct template rendering and ARIA attributes.

  • HTML structure with feed/article roles
  • ARIA attributes (aria-labelledby, aria-posinset, aria-setsize)
  • Initial tabindex values (roving tabindex)
  • Dynamic loading state (aria-busy)
  • CSS class application

E2E Tests (Playwright)

Verify component behavior in a real browser environment. These tests cover interactions that require JavaScript execution.

  • Page Up/Down navigation between articles
  • Ctrl+Home/End for escaping the feed
  • Focus management and tabindex updates
  • Navigation from inside article elements

Test Categories

High Priority: ARIA Structure

Test Description
role="feed" Container has feed role
role="article" Each item has article role
aria-label/labelledby (feed) Feed container has accessible name
aria-labelledby (article) Each article references its title
aria-posinset Sequential starting from 1
aria-setsize Total count or -1 if unknown

High Priority: Keyboard Interaction

Test Description
Page Down Moves focus to next article
Page Up Moves focus to previous article
No wrap Does not loop at first/last article
Ctrl+End Moves focus after the feed
Ctrl+Home Moves focus before the feed
Inside article Page Down works from inside article elements

High Priority: Focus Management

Test Description
Roving tabindex Only one article has tabindex="0"
tabindex update tabindex updates when focus moves
Initial state First article has tabindex="0" by default

High Priority: Dynamic Loading

Test Description
aria-busy="false" Default state when not loading
aria-busy="true" Set during loading
Focus maintenance Focus maintained during loading

Medium Priority: Accessibility

Test Description
axe violations No WCAG 2.1 AA violations
Loading state No axe violations during loading
aria-describedby Present when description provided

Running Tests

Unit Tests

# Run all Feed unit tests
npm run test:unit -- Feed

# Run framework-specific tests
npm run test:react -- Feed.test.tsx
npm run test:vue -- Feed.test.vue.ts
npm run test:svelte -- Feed.test.svelte.ts
npm run test:astro

E2E Tests

# Run all Feed E2E tests
npm run test:e2e -- feed.spec.ts

# Run in UI mode
npm run test:e2e:ui -- feed.spec.ts
Feed.test.tsx
import { render, screen, within } from '@testing-library/react';
import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
import { axe } from 'jest-axe';
import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
import { Feed, type FeedArticle } from './Feed';

// Test article data
const defaultArticles: FeedArticle[] = [
  {
    id: 'article-1',
    title: 'First Article',
    description: 'Description 1',
    content: <p>Content 1</p>,
  },
  {
    id: 'article-2',
    title: 'Second Article',
    description: 'Description 2',
    content: <p>Content 2</p>,
  },
  {
    id: 'article-3',
    title: 'Third Article',
    description: 'Description 3',
    content: <p>Content 3</p>,
  },
];

const fiveArticles: FeedArticle[] = [
  { id: 'article-1', title: 'Article 1', content: <p>Content 1</p> },
  { id: 'article-2', title: 'Article 2', content: <p>Content 2</p> },
  { id: 'article-3', title: 'Article 3', content: <p>Content 3</p> },
  { id: 'article-4', title: 'Article 4', content: <p>Content 4</p> },
  { id: 'article-5', title: 'Article 5', content: <p>Content 5</p> },
];

// Helper to render Feed with focusable elements before/after for Ctrl+Home/End tests
const renderWithSurroundingElements = (props: React.ComponentProps<typeof Feed>) => {
  return render(
    <div>
      <button data-testid="before-feed">Before Feed</button>
      <Feed {...props} />
      <button data-testid="after-feed">After Feed</button>
    </div>
  );
};

describe('Feed', () => {
  // 🔴 High Priority: APG ARIA Structure
  describe('APG: ARIA Structure', () => {
    it('has role="feed" on container', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      expect(screen.getByRole('feed')).toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it('has role="article" on each article', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      expect(articles).toHaveLength(3);
    });

    it('has aria-label on feed when provided', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      const feed = screen.getByRole('feed');
      expect(feed).toHaveAttribute('aria-label', 'News Feed');
    });

    it('has aria-labelledby on feed when provided', () => {
      render(
        <div>
          <h2 id="feed-title">Latest News</h2>
          <Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-labelledby="feed-title" />
        </div>
      );
      const feed = screen.getByRole('feed');
      expect(feed).toHaveAttribute('aria-labelledby', 'feed-title');
    });

    it('warns when feed has no accessible name', () => {
      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {});
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} />);
      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.stringContaining('accessible name'));
      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
    });

    it('has aria-labelledby on each article referencing title', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        const labelledby = article.getAttribute('aria-labelledby');
        expect(labelledby).toBeTruthy();

        // Verify the referenced element exists and contains the title
        const titleElement = document.getElementById(labelledby!);
        expect(titleElement).toBeInTheDocument();
      });
    });

    it('has aria-describedby on articles when description provided', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        const describedby = article.getAttribute('aria-describedby');
        expect(describedby).toBeTruthy();

        const descElement = document.getElementById(describedby!);
        expect(descElement).toBeInTheDocument();
      });
    });

    it('has aria-posinset starting from 1 and sequential', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={fiveArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');

      articles.forEach((article, index) => {
        expect(article).toHaveAttribute('aria-posinset', String(index + 1));
      });
    });

    it('has aria-setsize as total count when known', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={fiveArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        expect(article).toHaveAttribute('aria-setsize', '5');
      });
    });

    it('has aria-setsize as -1 when setSize is -1 (unknown)', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={fiveArticles} aria-label="News Feed" setSize={-1} />);
      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        expect(article).toHaveAttribute('aria-setsize', '-1');
      });
    });

    it('has aria-setsize as explicit value when provided', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" setSize={100} />);
      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        expect(article).toHaveAttribute('aria-setsize', '100');
      });
    });
  });

  // 🔴 High Priority: Keyboard Interaction
  describe('APG: Keyboard Interaction', () => {
    it('moves focus to next article on Page Down', async () => {
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      articles[0].focus();

      await user.keyboard('{PageDown}');

      expect(articles[1]).toHaveFocus();
    });

    it('moves focus to previous article on Page Up', async () => {
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      articles[1].focus();

      await user.keyboard('{PageUp}');

      expect(articles[0]).toHaveFocus();
    });

    it('does not loop at first article on Page Up', async () => {
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      articles[0].focus();

      await user.keyboard('{PageUp}');

      expect(articles[0]).toHaveFocus(); // Still on first
    });

    it('does not loop at last article on Page Down', async () => {
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      articles[2].focus();

      await user.keyboard('{PageDown}');

      expect(articles[2]).toHaveFocus(); // Still on last
    });

    it('moves focus to next article even when focus is inside article element', async () => {
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      render(
        <Feed
          articles={[
            { id: '1', title: 'Article 1', content: <button>Inside Button 1</button> },
            { id: '2', title: 'Article 2', content: <button>Inside Button 2</button> },
          ]}
          aria-label="News Feed"
        />
      );

      // Focus on button inside first article
      const insideButton = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Inside Button 1' });
      insideButton.focus();

      await user.keyboard('{PageDown}');

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      expect(articles[1]).toHaveFocus();
    });

    it('moves focus outside feed (after) on Ctrl+End', async () => {
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      renderWithSurroundingElements({
        articles: defaultArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      articles[0].focus();

      await user.keyboard('{Control>}{End}{/Control}');

      const afterButton = screen.getByTestId('after-feed');
      expect(afterButton).toHaveFocus();
    });

    it('moves focus outside feed (before) on Ctrl+Home', async () => {
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      renderWithSurroundingElements({
        articles: defaultArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      articles[1].focus();

      await user.keyboard('{Control>}{Home}{/Control}');

      const beforeButton = screen.getByTestId('before-feed');
      expect(beforeButton).toHaveFocus();
    });
  });

  // 🔴 High Priority: Focus Management
  describe('APG: Focus Management', () => {
    it('article elements are focusable with tabindex', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        expect(article).toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
      });
    });

    it('uses roving tabindex (only one article has tabindex="0")', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');

      const withTabindex0 = articles.filter((article) => article.getAttribute('tabindex') === '0');
      expect(withTabindex0).toHaveLength(1);
    });

    it('updates tabindex when focus moves', async () => {
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      articles[0].focus();

      expect(articles[0]).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
      expect(articles[1]).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');

      await user.keyboard('{PageDown}');

      expect(articles[0]).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
      expect(articles[1]).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
    });

    it('first article has tabindex="0" by default', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');

      expect(articles[0]).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
      expect(articles[1]).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
      expect(articles[2]).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
    });
  });

  // 🔴 High Priority: Dynamic Loading
  describe('APG: Dynamic Loading', () => {
    it('has aria-busy="false" by default', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      const feed = screen.getByRole('feed');
      expect(feed).toHaveAttribute('aria-busy', 'false');
    });

    it('sets aria-busy="true" during loading', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" loading />);
      const feed = screen.getByRole('feed');
      expect(feed).toHaveAttribute('aria-busy', 'true');
    });

    it('sets aria-busy="false" after loading complete', () => {
      const { rerender } = render(
        <Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" loading />
      );

      expect(screen.getByRole('feed')).toHaveAttribute('aria-busy', 'true');

      rerender(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" loading={false} />);

      expect(screen.getByRole('feed')).toHaveAttribute('aria-busy', 'false');
    });

    it('updates aria-posinset/aria-setsize when articles are added', () => {
      const { rerender } = render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);

      let articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      expect(articles).toHaveLength(3);
      expect(articles[2]).toHaveAttribute('aria-setsize', '3');

      // Add more articles
      rerender(<Feed articles={fiveArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);

      articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      expect(articles).toHaveLength(5);
      articles.forEach((article, index) => {
        expect(article).toHaveAttribute('aria-posinset', String(index + 1));
        expect(article).toHaveAttribute('aria-setsize', '5');
      });
    });

    it('maintains focus during loading', async () => {
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      const { rerender } = render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      articles[1].focus();

      // Start loading
      rerender(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" loading />);

      expect(articles[1]).toHaveFocus();
    });

    it('calls onLoadMore when provided', async () => {
      const handleLoadMore = vi.fn();
      render(
        <Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" onLoadMore={handleLoadMore} />
      );

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      articles[2].focus(); // Focus on last article

      // Implementation should call onLoadMore when user reaches end
      // This is tested in E2E for scroll behavior
    });

    it('does not call onLoadMore during loading', async () => {
      const handleLoadMore = vi.fn();
      render(
        <Feed
          articles={defaultArticles}
          aria-label="News Feed"
          loading
          onLoadMore={handleLoadMore}
        />
      );

      // Even if we try to trigger load more, it should be suppressed
      expect(handleLoadMore).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
    });
  });

  // 🟡 Medium Priority: Accessibility
  describe('Accessibility', () => {
    it('has no axe violations', async () => {
      const { container } = render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);
      const results = await axe(container);
      expect(results).toHaveNoViolations();
    });

    it('has no axe violations during loading state', async () => {
      const { container } = render(
        <Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" loading />
      );
      const results = await axe(container);
      expect(results).toHaveNoViolations();
    });

    it('has no axe violations with setSize=-1', async () => {
      const { container } = render(
        <Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" setSize={-1} />
      );
      const results = await axe(container);
      expect(results).toHaveNoViolations();
    });
  });

  // 🟡 Medium Priority: Props & Callbacks
  describe('Props & Callbacks', () => {
    it('renders articles from data', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);

      expect(screen.getByText('First Article')).toBeInTheDocument();
      expect(screen.getByText('Second Article')).toBeInTheDocument();
      expect(screen.getByText('Third Article')).toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it('renders article content', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" />);

      expect(screen.getByText('Content 1')).toBeInTheDocument();
      expect(screen.getByText('Content 2')).toBeInTheDocument();
      expect(screen.getByText('Content 3')).toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it('calls onFocusChange with articleId and index on focus', async () => {
      const handleFocusChange = vi.fn();
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      render(
        <Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" onFocusChange={handleFocusChange} />
      );

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      articles[0].focus();

      await user.keyboard('{PageDown}');

      expect(handleFocusChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith('article-2', 1);
    });
  });

  // 🟢 Low Priority: HTML Attribute Inheritance
  describe('HTML Attribute Inheritance', () => {
    it('merges className', () => {
      const { container } = render(
        <Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" className="custom-feed" />
      );
      const feed = container.querySelector('[role="feed"]');
      expect(feed).toHaveClass('custom-feed');
    });

    it('passes through data-* attributes', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={defaultArticles} aria-label="News Feed" data-testid="my-feed" />);
      expect(screen.getByTestId('my-feed')).toBeInTheDocument();
    });
  });

  // Edge Cases
  describe('Edge Cases', () => {
    it('handles empty articles array', () => {
      render(<Feed articles={[]} aria-label="Empty Feed" />);
      const feed = screen.getByRole('feed');
      expect(feed).toBeInTheDocument();
      expect(screen.queryAllByRole('article')).toHaveLength(0);
    });

    it('handles single article', () => {
      render(
        <Feed
          articles={[{ id: '1', title: 'Only Article', content: <p>Content</p> }]}
          aria-label="Single Article Feed"
        />
      );

      const articles = screen.getAllByRole('article');
      expect(articles).toHaveLength(1);
      expect(articles[0]).toHaveAttribute('aria-posinset', '1');
      expect(articles[0]).toHaveAttribute('aria-setsize', '1');
    });

    it('handles article without description', () => {
      render(
        <Feed
          articles={[{ id: '1', title: 'No Description', content: <p>Content</p> }]}
          aria-label="Feed"
        />
      );

      const article = screen.getByRole('article');
      // Should not have aria-describedby when no description
      expect(article).not.toHaveAttribute('aria-describedby');
    });
  });
});

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