Listbox
A widget that allows the user to select one or more items from a list of choices.
Demo
Single-Select (Default)
Selection follows focus. Use arrow keys to navigate and select.
- Apple
- Apricot
- Banana
- Cherry
- Date
- Elderberry
- Fig
- Grape
Selected: apple
Multi-Select
Focus and selection are independent. Use Space to toggle, Shift+Arrow to extend selection.
- Red
- Orange
- Yellow
- Green
- Blue
- Indigo
- Purple
Selected: None
Tip: Use Space to toggle, Shift+Arrow to extend selection, Ctrl+A to select all
Horizontal Orientation
Use Left/Right arrow keys for navigation.
- Apple
- Apricot
- Banana
- Cherry
- Date
Selected: apple
Accessibility Features
WAI-ARIA Roles
| Role | Target Element | Description |
|---|---|---|
listbox | Container (`
| Widget for selecting one or more items from a list |
option | Each item (` | Selectable option within the listbox |
WAI-ARIA listbox role (opens in new tab)
WAI-ARIA Properties
| Attribute | Target | Values | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
aria-label | listbox | String | Yes* | Accessible name for the listbox |
aria-labelledby | listbox | ID reference | Yes* | References the labeling element |
aria-multiselectable | listbox | `true` | No | Enables multi-select mode |
aria-orientation | listbox | `"vertical"` | `"horizontal"` | No | Navigation direction (default: vertical) |
* Either aria-label or aria-labelledby is required
WAI-ARIA States
aria-selected
Indicates whether an option is selected.
| Target | option |
| Values | `true` | `false` |
| Required | Yes |
| Change Trigger | Click, Arrow keys (single-select), Space (multi-select) |
| Reference | aria-selected (opens in new tab) |
aria-disabled
Indicates that an option is not selectable.
| Target | option |
| Values | `true` |
| Required | No (only when disabled) |
| Change Trigger | When disabled |
| Reference | aria-disabled (opens in new tab) |
Keyboard Support
Common Navigation
| Key | Action |
|---|---|
| Down Arrow / Up Arrow | Move focus (vertical orientation) |
| Right Arrow / Left Arrow | Move focus (horizontal orientation) |
| Home | Move focus to first option |
| End | Move focus to last option |
| Type character | Type-ahead: focus option starting with typed character(s) |
Single-Select (Selection Follows Focus)
| Key | Action |
|---|---|
| Arrow keys | Move focus and selection simultaneously |
| Space / Enter | Confirm current selection |
Multi-Select
| Key | Action |
|---|---|
| Arrow keys | Move focus only (selection unchanged) |
| Space | Toggle selection of focused option |
| Shift + Arrow | Move focus and extend selection range |
| Shift + Home | Select from anchor to first option |
| Shift + End | Select from anchor to last option |
| Ctrl + A | Select all options |
Focus Management
This component uses the Roving Tabindex pattern for focus management:
- Only one option has `tabindex="0"` at a time (Roving Tabindex)
- Other options have `tabindex="-1"`
- Arrow keys move focus between options
- Disabled options are skipped during navigation
- Focus does not wrap (stops at edges)
Selection Model
- **Single-select:** Selection follows focus (arrow keys change selection)
- **Multi-select:** Focus and selection are independent (Space toggles selection)
Source Code
import { useCallback, useId, useRef, useState, useMemo } from 'react';
export interface ListboxOption {
id: string;
label: string;
disabled?: boolean;
}
export interface ListboxProps {
/** Array of options */
options: ListboxOption[];
/** Enable multi-select mode */
multiselectable?: boolean;
/** Orientation of the listbox */
orientation?: 'vertical' | 'horizontal';
/** Initially selected option ID(s) */
defaultSelectedIds?: string[];
/** Callback when selection changes */
onSelectionChange?: (selectedIds: string[]) => void;
/** Type-ahead search timeout in ms */
typeAheadTimeout?: number;
/** Accessible label */
'aria-label'?: string;
/** ID of labeling element */
'aria-labelledby'?: string;
/** Additional CSS class */
className?: string;
}
export function Listbox({
options,
multiselectable = false,
orientation = 'vertical',
defaultSelectedIds = [],
onSelectionChange,
typeAheadTimeout = 500,
'aria-label': ariaLabel,
'aria-labelledby': ariaLabelledby,
className = '',
}: ListboxProps): React.ReactElement {
const availableOptions = useMemo(() => options.filter((opt) => !opt.disabled), [options]);
// Map of option id to index in availableOptions for O(1) lookup
const availableIndexMap = useMemo(() => {
const map = new Map<string, number>();
availableOptions.forEach(({ id }, index) => map.set(id, index));
return map;
}, [availableOptions]);
const initialSelectedIds = useMemo(() => {
if (defaultSelectedIds.length > 0) {
return new Set(defaultSelectedIds);
}
if (availableOptions.length > 0) {
// Single-select mode: select first available option by default
if (!multiselectable) {
return new Set([availableOptions[0].id]);
}
}
return new Set<string>();
}, [defaultSelectedIds, multiselectable, availableOptions]);
// Compute initial focus index
const initialFocusIndex = useMemo(() => {
if (availableOptions.length === 0) return 0;
const firstSelectedId = [...initialSelectedIds][0];
const index = availableOptions.findIndex((opt) => opt.id === firstSelectedId);
return index >= 0 ? index : 0;
}, [initialSelectedIds, availableOptions]);
const [selectedIds, setSelectedIds] = useState<Set<string>>(initialSelectedIds);
const [focusedIndex, setFocusedIndex] = useState(initialFocusIndex);
const listboxRef = useRef<HTMLUListElement>(null);
const optionRefs = useRef<Map<string, HTMLLIElement>>(new Map());
const typeAheadBuffer = useRef<string>('');
const typeAheadTimeoutId = useRef<number | null>(null);
// Track anchor for shift-selection range (synced with initial focus)
const selectionAnchor = useRef<number>(initialFocusIndex);
const instanceId = useId();
const getOptionId = useCallback(
(optionId: string) => `${instanceId}-option-${optionId}`,
[instanceId]
);
const updateSelection = useCallback(
(newSelectedIds: Set<string>) => {
setSelectedIds(newSelectedIds);
onSelectionChange?.([...newSelectedIds]);
},
[onSelectionChange]
);
const focusOption = useCallback(
(index: number) => {
const option = availableOptions[index];
if (option) {
setFocusedIndex(index);
optionRefs.current.get(option.id)?.focus();
}
},
[availableOptions]
);
const selectOption = useCallback(
(optionId: string) => {
if (multiselectable) {
// Toggle selection
const newSelected = new Set(selectedIds);
if (newSelected.has(optionId)) {
newSelected.delete(optionId);
} else {
newSelected.add(optionId);
}
updateSelection(newSelected);
} else {
// Single-select: replace selection
updateSelection(new Set([optionId]));
}
},
[multiselectable, selectedIds, updateSelection]
);
const selectRange = useCallback(
(fromIndex: number, toIndex: number) => {
const start = Math.min(fromIndex, toIndex);
const end = Math.max(fromIndex, toIndex);
const newSelected = new Set(selectedIds);
for (let i = start; i <= end; i++) {
const option = availableOptions[i];
if (option) {
newSelected.add(option.id);
}
}
updateSelection(newSelected);
},
[availableOptions, selectedIds, updateSelection]
);
const selectAll = useCallback(() => {
const allIds = new Set(availableOptions.map((opt) => opt.id));
updateSelection(allIds);
}, [availableOptions, updateSelection]);
const handleTypeAhead = useCallback(
(char: string) => {
// Guard: no options to search
if (availableOptions.length === 0) return;
// Clear existing timeout
if (typeAheadTimeoutId.current !== null) {
clearTimeout(typeAheadTimeoutId.current);
}
// Add character to buffer
typeAheadBuffer.current += char.toLowerCase();
// Find matching option starting from current focus (or next if same char repeated)
const buffer = typeAheadBuffer.current;
const isSameChar = buffer.length > 1 && buffer.split('').every((c) => c === buffer[0]);
const searchOptions = availableOptions;
let startIndex = focusedIndex;
// If repeating same character, cycle through matches starting from next
if (isSameChar) {
typeAheadBuffer.current = buffer[0]; // Reset buffer to single char
startIndex = (focusedIndex + 1) % availableOptions.length;
}
// Search from start index, wrapping around
for (let i = 0; i < searchOptions.length; i++) {
const index = (startIndex + i) % searchOptions.length;
const option = searchOptions[index];
const searchStr = isSameChar ? buffer[0] : typeAheadBuffer.current;
if (option.label.toLowerCase().startsWith(searchStr)) {
focusOption(index);
// Update anchor for shift-selection
selectionAnchor.current = index;
// Single-select: also select the option
if (!multiselectable) {
updateSelection(new Set([option.id]));
}
break;
}
}
// Set timeout to clear buffer
typeAheadTimeoutId.current = window.setTimeout(() => {
typeAheadBuffer.current = '';
typeAheadTimeoutId.current = null;
}, typeAheadTimeout);
},
[
availableOptions,
focusedIndex,
focusOption,
multiselectable,
typeAheadTimeout,
updateSelection,
]
);
const handleKeyDown = useCallback(
(event: React.KeyboardEvent) => {
// Guard: no options to navigate
if (availableOptions.length === 0) return;
const { key, shiftKey, ctrlKey, metaKey } = event;
// Determine navigation keys based on orientation
const nextKey = orientation === 'vertical' ? 'ArrowDown' : 'ArrowRight';
const prevKey = orientation === 'vertical' ? 'ArrowUp' : 'ArrowLeft';
// Ignore navigation keys for wrong orientation
if (orientation === 'vertical' && (key === 'ArrowLeft' || key === 'ArrowRight')) {
return;
}
if (orientation === 'horizontal' && (key === 'ArrowUp' || key === 'ArrowDown')) {
return;
}
let newIndex = focusedIndex;
let shouldPreventDefault = false;
switch (key) {
case nextKey:
if (focusedIndex < availableOptions.length - 1) {
newIndex = focusedIndex + 1;
}
shouldPreventDefault = true;
if (multiselectable && shiftKey) {
// Extend selection
focusOption(newIndex);
selectRange(selectionAnchor.current, newIndex);
return;
}
break;
case prevKey:
if (focusedIndex > 0) {
newIndex = focusedIndex - 1;
}
shouldPreventDefault = true;
if (multiselectable && shiftKey) {
// Extend selection
focusOption(newIndex);
selectRange(selectionAnchor.current, newIndex);
return;
}
break;
case 'Home':
newIndex = 0;
shouldPreventDefault = true;
if (multiselectable && shiftKey) {
// Select from anchor to start
focusOption(newIndex);
selectRange(selectionAnchor.current, newIndex);
return;
}
break;
case 'End':
newIndex = availableOptions.length - 1;
shouldPreventDefault = true;
if (multiselectable && shiftKey) {
// Select from anchor to end
focusOption(newIndex);
selectRange(selectionAnchor.current, newIndex);
return;
}
break;
case ' ':
shouldPreventDefault = true;
if (multiselectable) {
// Toggle selection of focused option
const focusedOption = availableOptions[focusedIndex];
if (focusedOption) {
selectOption(focusedOption.id);
// Update anchor
selectionAnchor.current = focusedIndex;
}
}
// Single-select: Space/Enter just confirms (selection already follows focus)
return;
case 'Enter':
shouldPreventDefault = true;
// Confirm current selection (useful for form submission scenarios)
return;
case 'a':
case 'A':
if ((ctrlKey || metaKey) && multiselectable) {
shouldPreventDefault = true;
selectAll();
return;
}
// Fall through to type-ahead
break;
}
if (shouldPreventDefault) {
event.preventDefault();
if (newIndex !== focusedIndex) {
focusOption(newIndex);
// Single-select: selection follows focus
if (!multiselectable) {
const newOption = availableOptions[newIndex];
if (newOption) {
updateSelection(new Set([newOption.id]));
}
} else {
// Multi-select without shift: just move focus, update anchor
selectionAnchor.current = newIndex;
}
}
return;
}
// Type-ahead: single printable character
if (key.length === 1 && !ctrlKey && !metaKey) {
event.preventDefault();
handleTypeAhead(key);
}
},
[
orientation,
focusedIndex,
availableOptions,
multiselectable,
focusOption,
selectRange,
selectOption,
selectAll,
updateSelection,
handleTypeAhead,
]
);
const handleOptionClick = useCallback(
(optionId: string, index: number) => {
focusOption(index);
selectOption(optionId);
selectionAnchor.current = index;
},
[focusOption, selectOption]
);
const containerClass = `apg-listbox ${
orientation === 'horizontal' ? 'apg-listbox--horizontal' : ''
} ${className}`.trim();
// If no available options, listbox itself needs tabIndex for keyboard access
const listboxTabIndex = availableOptions.length === 0 ? 0 : undefined;
return (
<ul
ref={listboxRef}
role="listbox"
aria-multiselectable={multiselectable || undefined}
aria-orientation={orientation}
aria-label={ariaLabel}
aria-labelledby={ariaLabelledby}
tabIndex={listboxTabIndex}
className={containerClass}
onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
>
{options.map((option) => {
const isSelected = selectedIds.has(option.id);
const availableIndex = availableIndexMap.get(option.id) ?? -1;
const isFocusTarget = availableIndex === focusedIndex;
const tabIndex = option.disabled ? -1 : isFocusTarget ? 0 : -1;
const optionClass = `apg-listbox-option ${
isSelected ? 'apg-listbox-option--selected' : ''
} ${option.disabled ? 'apg-listbox-option--disabled' : ''}`.trim();
return (
// role option keyboard events handled by aria-activedescendant on the listbox
// eslint-disable-next-line jsx-a11y/click-events-have-key-events
<li
key={option.id}
ref={(el) => {
if (el) {
optionRefs.current.set(option.id, el);
} else {
optionRefs.current.delete(option.id);
}
}}
role="option"
id={getOptionId(option.id)}
aria-selected={isSelected}
aria-disabled={option.disabled || undefined}
tabIndex={tabIndex}
className={optionClass}
onClick={() => !option.disabled && handleOptionClick(option.id, availableIndex)}
>
<span className="apg-listbox-option-icon" aria-hidden="true">
<svg viewBox="0 0 12 12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path
d="M10.28 2.28a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06L4.5 5.94 2.78 4.22a.75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06l2.25 2.25a.75.75 0 001.06 0l5.25-5.25z"
fill="currentColor"
/>
</svg>
</span>
{option.label}
</li>
);
})}
</ul>
);
}
export default Listbox; Usage
import { Listbox } from './Listbox';
const options = [
{ id: 'apple', label: 'Apple' },
{ id: 'banana', label: 'Banana' },
{ id: 'cherry', label: 'Cherry' },
{ id: 'date', label: 'Date', disabled: true },
];
// Single-select (selection follows focus)
<Listbox
options={options}
aria-label="Choose a fruit"
onSelectionChange={(ids) => console.log('Selected:', ids)}
/>
// Multi-select
<Listbox
options={options}
multiselectable
aria-label="Choose fruits"
onSelectionChange={(ids) => console.log('Selected:', ids)}
/>
// Horizontal orientation
<Listbox
options={options}
orientation="horizontal"
aria-label="Choose a fruit"
/> API
Listbox Props
| Prop | Type | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
options | ListboxOption[] | required | Array of options |
multiselectable | boolean | false | Enable multi-select mode |
orientation | 'vertical' | 'horizontal' | 'vertical' | Listbox orientation |
defaultSelectedIds | string[] | [] | Initially selected option IDs |
onSelectionChange | (ids: string[]) => void | - | Callback when selection changes |
typeAheadTimeout | number | 500 | Type-ahead timeout in milliseconds |
ListboxOption Interface
interface ListboxOption {
id: string;
label: string;
disabled?: boolean;
} Testing
Tests verify APG compliance for ARIA attributes, keyboard interactions, selection behavior, and accessibility requirements. The Listbox component uses a two-layer testing strategy.
Testing Strategy
Unit Tests (Testing Library)
Verify the component's rendered output using framework-specific testing libraries. These tests ensure correct HTML structure and ARIA attributes.
- ARIA attributes (role, aria-selected, aria-multiselectable, etc.)
- Keyboard interaction (Arrow keys, Space, Home/End, etc.)
- Selection behavior (single-select, multi-select)
- Accessibility via jest-axe
E2E Tests (Playwright)
Verify component behavior in a real browser environment across all frameworks. These tests cover interactions and cross-framework consistency.
- Keyboard navigation (single-select, multi-select, horizontal)
- Mouse interactions (click selection, toggle)
- ARIA structure in live browser
- Focus management with roving tabindex
- Type-ahead character navigation
- axe-core accessibility scanning
- Cross-framework consistency checks
Test Categories
High Priority: APG Keyboard Interaction (Unit + E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
ArrowDown/Up | Moves focus between options (vertical orientation) |
ArrowRight/Left | Moves focus between options (horizontal orientation) |
Home/End | Moves focus to first/last option |
Disabled skip | Skips disabled options during navigation |
Selection follows focus | Single-select: arrow keys change selection |
Space toggle | Multi-select: Space toggles option selection |
Shift+Arrow | Multi-select: extends selection range |
Shift+Home/End | Multi-select: selects from anchor to first/last |
Ctrl+A | Multi-select: selects all options |
Type-ahead | Character input focuses matching option |
Type-ahead cycle | Repeated same character cycles through matches |
High Priority: APG ARIA Attributes (Unit + E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
role="listbox" | Container has listbox role |
role="option" | Each option has option role |
aria-selected | Selected options have `aria-selected="true"` |
aria-multiselectable | Listbox has attribute when multi-select enabled |
aria-orientation | Reflects horizontal/vertical orientation |
aria-disabled | Disabled options have `aria-disabled="true"` |
aria-label/labelledby | Listbox has accessible name |
High Priority: Focus Management - Roving Tabindex (Unit + E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
tabIndex=0 | Focused option has tabIndex=0 |
tabIndex=-1 | Non-focused options have tabIndex=-1 |
Disabled tabIndex | Disabled options have tabIndex=-1 |
Focus restoration | Focus returns to correct option on re-entry |
Medium Priority: Accessibility (Unit + E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
axe violations | No WCAG 2.1 AA violations (via jest-axe/axe-core) |
Medium Priority: Mouse Interaction (E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
Click option | Selects option on click (single-select) |
Click toggle | Toggles selection on click (multi-select) |
Click disabled | Disabled options cannot be selected |
Low Priority: Cross-framework Consistency (E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
All frameworks have listbox | React, Vue, Svelte, Astro all render listbox elements |
Consistent ARIA | All frameworks have consistent ARIA structure |
Select on click | All frameworks select correctly on click |
Keyboard navigation | All frameworks respond to keyboard navigation consistently |
Example Test Code
The following is the actual E2E test file (e2e/listbox.spec.ts).
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
import AxeBuilder from '@axe-core/playwright';
/**
* E2E Tests for Listbox Pattern
*
* A widget that allows the user to select one or more items from a list of choices.
* Supports single-select (selection follows focus) and multi-select modes.
*
* APG Reference: https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/patterns/listbox/
*/
const frameworks = ['react', 'vue', 'svelte', 'astro'] as const;
// Helper to get all listboxes
const getListboxes = (page: import('@playwright/test').Page) => {
return page.locator('[role="listbox"]');
};
// Helper to get listbox by index (0=single-select, 1=multi-select, 2=horizontal)
const getListboxByIndex = (page: import('@playwright/test').Page, index: number) => {
return page.locator('[role="listbox"]').nth(index);
};
// Helper to get available (non-disabled) options in a listbox
const getAvailableOptions = (listbox: import('@playwright/test').Locator) => {
return listbox.locator('[role="option"]:not([aria-disabled="true"])');
};
// Helper to get selected options in a listbox
const getSelectedOptions = (listbox: import('@playwright/test').Locator) => {
return listbox.locator('[role="option"][aria-selected="true"]');
};
for (const framework of frameworks) {
test.describe(`Listbox (${framework})`, () => {
test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto(`patterns/listbox/${framework}/demo/`);
await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle');
});
// =========================================================================
// High Priority: ARIA Structure
// =========================================================================
test.describe('APG: ARIA Structure', () => {
test('has role="listbox" on container', async ({ page }) => {
const listboxes = getListboxes(page);
const count = await listboxes.count();
expect(count).toBe(3); // single-select, multi-select, horizontal
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
await expect(listboxes.nth(i)).toHaveAttribute('role', 'listbox');
}
});
test('options have role="option"', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const options = listbox.locator('[role="option"]');
const count = await options.count();
expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0);
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
await expect(options.nth(i)).toHaveAttribute('role', 'option');
}
});
test('has accessible name via aria-labelledby', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const ariaLabelledby = await listbox.getAttribute('aria-labelledby');
expect(ariaLabelledby).toBeTruthy();
const label = page.locator(`#${ariaLabelledby}`);
const labelText = await label.textContent();
expect(labelText?.trim().length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});
test('single-select listbox does not have aria-multiselectable', async ({ page }) => {
const singleSelectListbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const ariaMultiselectable = await singleSelectListbox.getAttribute('aria-multiselectable');
expect(ariaMultiselectable).toBeFalsy();
});
test('multi-select listbox has aria-multiselectable="true"', async ({ page }) => {
const multiSelectListbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
await expect(multiSelectListbox).toHaveAttribute('aria-multiselectable', 'true');
});
test('horizontal listbox has aria-orientation="horizontal"', async ({ page }) => {
const horizontalListbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 2);
await expect(horizontalListbox).toHaveAttribute('aria-orientation', 'horizontal');
});
test('selected options have aria-selected="true"', async ({ page }) => {
const singleSelectListbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const selectedOptions = getSelectedOptions(singleSelectListbox);
const count = await selectedOptions.count();
expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0);
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
await expect(selectedOptions.nth(i)).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
}
});
test('disabled options have aria-disabled="true"', async ({ page }) => {
const multiSelectListbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const disabledOptions = multiSelectListbox.locator('[role="option"][aria-disabled="true"]');
const count = await disabledOptions.count();
expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0);
});
});
// =========================================================================
// High Priority: Single-Select Keyboard Navigation
// =========================================================================
test.describe('APG: Single-Select Keyboard Navigation', () => {
test('ArrowDown moves focus and selection to next option', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const secondOption = options.nth(1);
await firstOption.focus();
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'false');
});
test('ArrowUp moves focus and selection to previous option', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const secondOption = options.nth(1);
// Click to set initial state, then navigate down to second option
await firstOption.click();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
// Now navigate up
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowUp');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
});
test('Home moves focus and selection to first option', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
await page.keyboard.press('Home');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
});
test('End moves focus and selection to last option', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const lastOption = options.last();
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('End');
await expect(lastOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
await expect(lastOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
});
test('focus does not wrap at boundaries', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const lastOption = options.last();
await lastOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('End'); // Ensure we're at the end
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
// Should still be on last option
await expect(lastOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
// Note: disabled option skip test is in Multi-Select section since the multi-select
// listbox has disabled options (Green) while single-select doesn't
});
// =========================================================================
// High Priority: Multi-Select Keyboard Navigation
// =========================================================================
test.describe('APG: Multi-Select Keyboard Navigation', () => {
test('ArrowDown moves focus only (no selection change)', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const secondOption = options.nth(1);
await firstOption.focus();
// Initially no selection in multi-select
const initialSelected = await getSelectedOptions(listbox).count();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
// Selection should not have changed
const afterSelected = await getSelectedOptions(listbox).count();
expect(afterSelected).toBe(initialSelected);
});
test('ArrowUp moves focus only (no selection change)', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const secondOption = options.nth(1);
// Click to set initial state, then navigate down to second option
await firstOption.click();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
// Navigate up should move focus but not change selection
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowUp');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
test('Space toggles selection of focused option (select)', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const firstOption = getAvailableOptions(listbox).first();
await firstOption.focus();
await expect(firstOption).not.toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
await page.keyboard.press('Space');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
});
test('Space toggles selection of focused option (deselect)', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const firstOption = getAvailableOptions(listbox).first();
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('Space'); // Select
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
await page.keyboard.press('Space'); // Deselect
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'false');
});
test('Shift+ArrowDown extends selection range', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const secondOption = options.nth(1);
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('Space'); // Select first as anchor
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
await page.keyboard.press('Shift+ArrowDown');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
});
test('Shift+ArrowUp extends selection range', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const secondOption = options.nth(1);
// Click second option to set it as anchor (click toggles selection and sets anchor)
await secondOption.click();
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
await page.keyboard.press('Shift+ArrowUp');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
});
test('Shift+Home selects from anchor to first option', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const thirdOption = options.nth(2);
await thirdOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
await page.keyboard.press('Space'); // Select third as anchor
await page.keyboard.press('Shift+Home');
// All options from first to anchor should be selected
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
});
test('Shift+End selects from anchor to last option', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const lastOption = options.last();
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('Space'); // Select first as anchor
await page.keyboard.press('Shift+End');
// All options from anchor to last should be selected
await expect(lastOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
});
test('Ctrl+A selects all available options', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const availableOptions = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = availableOptions.first();
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('Control+a');
const count = await availableOptions.count();
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
await expect(availableOptions.nth(i)).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
}
});
test('disabled options are skipped during navigation', async ({ page }) => {
// Multi-select listbox has disabled options (Green at index 3)
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const availableOptions = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
// Get Yellow (index 2 in available options) and Blue (index 3 after skip)
const yellowOption = availableOptions.nth(2); // Red, Orange, Yellow
const blueOption = availableOptions.nth(3); // Blue (Green is skipped)
// Click to focus Yellow first (ensures proper component state)
await yellowOption.click();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
// Should skip Green and land on Blue
await expect(blueOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
});
// =========================================================================
// High Priority: Horizontal Listbox
// =========================================================================
test.describe('APG: Horizontal Listbox', () => {
test('ArrowRight moves to next option', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 2);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const secondOption = options.nth(1);
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowRight');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
});
test('ArrowLeft moves to previous option', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 2);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const secondOption = options.nth(1);
// Click to set initial state, then navigate right to second option
await firstOption.click();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowRight');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
// Now navigate left
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowLeft');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
test('ArrowUp/ArrowDown are ignored in horizontal mode', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 2);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
// Should still be on first option
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowUp');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
test('Home moves to first option', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 2);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowRight');
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowRight');
await page.keyboard.press('Home');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
test('End moves to last option', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 2);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const lastOption = options.last();
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('End');
await expect(lastOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
});
// =========================================================================
// High Priority: Focus Management (Roving Tabindex)
// =========================================================================
test.describe('APG: Focus Management', () => {
test('focused option has tabindex="0"', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const focusedOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"][tabindex="0"]');
const count = await focusedOption.count();
expect(count).toBe(1);
});
test('other options have tabindex="-1"', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const allOptions = listbox.locator('[role="option"]');
const count = await allOptions.count();
let tabindexZeroCount = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
const tabindex = await allOptions.nth(i).getAttribute('tabindex');
if (tabindex === '0') tabindexZeroCount++;
}
expect(tabindexZeroCount).toBe(1);
});
test('tabindex updates on navigation', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const secondOption = options.nth(1);
await firstOption.focus();
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
test('Tab exits listbox', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const firstOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"][tabindex="0"]');
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('Tab');
// Focus should have moved out of listbox
const focusedElement = page.locator(':focus');
const isInListbox = await focusedElement.evaluate(
(el, listboxEl) => listboxEl?.contains(el),
await listbox.elementHandle()
);
expect(isInListbox).toBeFalsy();
});
test('focus returns to last focused option on re-entry', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const options = getAvailableOptions(listbox);
const firstOption = options.first();
const thirdOption = options.nth(2);
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
await expect(thirdOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
// Tab out and back
await page.keyboard.press('Tab');
await page.keyboard.press('Shift+Tab');
// Should return to the third option
await expect(thirdOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
});
// =========================================================================
// High Priority: Type-ahead
// =========================================================================
test.describe('APG: Type-ahead', () => {
test('single character focuses matching option', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const grapeOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"]', { hasText: 'Grape' });
const firstOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"][tabindex="0"]');
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('g');
await expect(grapeOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
test('multiple characters match prefix', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const cherryOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"]', { hasText: 'Cherry' });
const firstOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"][tabindex="0"]');
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.type('ch', { delay: 50 });
await expect(cherryOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
test('repeated same character cycles through matches', async ({ page }) => {
// With fruit options: Apple, Apricot, Banana, Cherry, Date, Elderberry, Fig, Grape
// Apple and Apricot both start with 'a', so we can test cycling
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const firstOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"][tabindex="0"]');
await firstOption.click();
// Use id attribute pattern (works across frameworks: id ends with -option-{id} or data-option-id)
const appleOption = listbox.locator(
'[role="option"][id$="-option-apple"], [role="option"][data-option-id="apple"]'
);
const apricotOption = listbox.locator(
'[role="option"][id$="-option-apricot"], [role="option"][data-option-id="apricot"]'
);
// Press 'a' - should stay on Apple (first match)
await page.keyboard.press('a');
await expect(appleOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
// Press 'a' again - should cycle to Apricot (next match)
await page.keyboard.press('a');
await expect(apricotOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
// Press 'a' again - should cycle back to Apple
await page.keyboard.press('a');
await expect(appleOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
test('type-ahead buffer clears after timeout', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const firstOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"][tabindex="0"]');
const cherryOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"]', { hasText: 'Cherry' });
const dateOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"]', { hasText: 'Date' });
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('c'); // Focus Cherry
await expect(cherryOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
// Wait for buffer to clear (default 500ms + margin)
await page.waitForTimeout(600);
await page.keyboard.press('d'); // Should focus Date, not search for "cd"
await expect(dateOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
test('type-ahead updates selection in single-select', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const grapeOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"]', { hasText: 'Grape' });
const firstOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"][tabindex="0"]');
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('g');
// In single-select, selection follows focus
await expect(grapeOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
});
});
// =========================================================================
// Medium Priority: Mouse Interaction
// =========================================================================
test.describe('Mouse Interaction', () => {
test('clicking option selects it (single-select)', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 0);
const secondOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"]').nth(1);
await secondOption.click();
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
test('clicking option toggles selection (multi-select)', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const firstOption = getAvailableOptions(listbox).first();
// First click - select
await firstOption.click();
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
// Second click - deselect
await firstOption.click();
await expect(firstOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'false');
});
test('clicking disabled option does nothing', async ({ page }) => {
const listbox = getListboxByIndex(page, 1);
const disabledOption = listbox.locator('[role="option"][aria-disabled="true"]').first();
const selectedCountBefore = await getSelectedOptions(listbox).count();
await disabledOption.click({ force: true });
const selectedCountAfter = await getSelectedOptions(listbox).count();
expect(selectedCountAfter).toBe(selectedCountBefore);
});
});
// =========================================================================
// Medium Priority: Accessibility
// =========================================================================
test.describe('Accessibility', () => {
test('has no axe-core violations', async ({ page }) => {
const results = await new AxeBuilder({ page }).include('[role="listbox"]').analyze();
expect(results.violations).toEqual([]);
});
});
});
}
// =============================================================================
// Cross-framework Consistency Tests
// =============================================================================
test.describe('Listbox - Cross-framework Consistency', () => {
test('all frameworks have listbox elements', async ({ page }) => {
for (const framework of frameworks) {
await page.goto(`patterns/listbox/${framework}/demo/`);
await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle');
const listboxes = page.locator('[role="listbox"]');
const count = await listboxes.count();
expect(count).toBe(3); // single-select, multi-select, horizontal
}
});
test('all frameworks have consistent ARIA structure', async ({ page }) => {
const ariaStructures: Record<
string,
{
hasAriaLabelledby: boolean;
ariaMultiselectable: string | null;
ariaOrientation: string | null;
optionCount: number;
}[]
> = {};
for (const framework of frameworks) {
await page.goto(`patterns/listbox/${framework}/demo/`);
await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle');
ariaStructures[framework] = await page.evaluate(() => {
const listboxes = document.querySelectorAll('[role="listbox"]');
return Array.from(listboxes).map((listbox) => ({
hasAriaLabelledby: listbox.hasAttribute('aria-labelledby'),
ariaMultiselectable: listbox.getAttribute('aria-multiselectable'),
ariaOrientation: listbox.getAttribute('aria-orientation'),
optionCount: listbox.querySelectorAll('[role="option"]').length,
}));
});
}
// All frameworks should have the same structure
const reactStructure = ariaStructures['react'];
for (const framework of frameworks) {
expect(ariaStructures[framework].length).toBe(reactStructure.length);
for (let i = 0; i < reactStructure.length; i++) {
expect(ariaStructures[framework][i].hasAriaLabelledby).toBe(
reactStructure[i].hasAriaLabelledby
);
expect(ariaStructures[framework][i].ariaMultiselectable).toBe(
reactStructure[i].ariaMultiselectable
);
expect(ariaStructures[framework][i].ariaOrientation).toBe(
reactStructure[i].ariaOrientation
);
expect(ariaStructures[framework][i].optionCount).toBe(reactStructure[i].optionCount);
}
}
});
test('all frameworks select correctly on click', async ({ page }) => {
for (const framework of frameworks) {
await page.goto(`patterns/listbox/${framework}/demo/`);
await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle');
// Test single-select listbox
const singleSelectListbox = page.locator('[role="listbox"]').first();
const secondOption = singleSelectListbox.locator('[role="option"]').nth(1);
await secondOption.click();
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
}
});
test('all frameworks handle keyboard navigation consistently', async ({ page }) => {
for (const framework of frameworks) {
await page.goto(`patterns/listbox/${framework}/demo/`);
await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle');
const listbox = page.locator('[role="listbox"]').first();
const options = listbox.locator('[role="option"]:not([aria-disabled="true"])');
const firstOption = options.first();
const secondOption = options.nth(1);
await firstOption.focus();
await page.keyboard.press('ArrowDown');
// Second option should now be focused and selected
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
await expect(secondOption).toHaveAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
}
});
}); Testing Tools
- Vitest (opens in new tab) - Test runner for unit tests
- Testing Library (opens in new tab) - Framework-specific testing utilities (React, Vue, Svelte)
- Playwright (opens in new tab) - Browser automation for E2E tests
- axe-core/playwright (opens in new tab) - Automated accessibility testing in E2E
See testing-strategy.md (opens in new tab) for full documentation.
Resources
- WAI-ARIA APG: Listbox Pattern (opens in new tab)
- AI Implementation Guide (llm.md) (opens in new tab) - ARIA specs, keyboard support, test checklist