APG Patterns
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日本語 GitHub

Feed

A scrollable list of articles where new content may be added as the user scrolls, enabling keyboard navigation between articles using Page Up/Down.

🤖 AI Implementation Guide

Demo

Navigate articles using Page Down (next) and Page Up (previous). Use Ctrl+End to move focus after the feed, Ctrl+Home to move focus before the feed. Scroll to the bottom to automatically load more articles.

aria-busy: When loading new articles, aria-busy="true" is set on the feed to prevent screen readers from announcing incomplete content. Once loading completes, it's set back to false.

Keyboard Navigation
Page Down / Page Up
Move between articles
Ctrl + End
Move focus after feed
Ctrl + Home
Move focus before feed

Getting Started with Accessible Components

Learn the fundamentals of building accessible web components.

Building accessible web components is essential for creating inclusive web experiences. This guide covers the basics of ARIA attributes, keyboard navigation, and focus management.

Understanding the Feed Pattern

Deep dive into the APG Feed pattern implementation.

The Feed pattern is designed for content that loads dynamically as users scroll. Unlike other patterns, Feed is a structure that allows screen readers to use their default reading mode.

Keyboard Navigation Best Practices

Tips for implementing effective keyboard navigation.

Effective keyboard navigation is crucial for accessibility. This article explores Page Up/Down navigation in feeds and how it differs from other patterns that use arrow keys.

Open demo only →

Accessibility Features

WAI-ARIA Roles

Role Target Element Description
feed Container element A dynamic list of articles where scrolling may add/remove content
article Each article element Independent content item within the feed

WAI-ARIA APG Feed Pattern (opens in new tab)

Note: Feed is a Structure, Not a Widget

Unlike widget patterns (e.g., Listbox, Menu), the feed pattern is a structure. This means assistive technologies can use their default reading mode when navigating feed content. The feed role enables users to navigate articles using Page Up/Down while still allowing natural reading within each article.

WAI-ARIA Properties

Attribute Target Values Required Description
aria-label Feed container Text Conditional* Accessible name for the feed
aria-labelledby Feed container ID reference Conditional* References visible heading for the feed
aria-labelledby Each article ID reference Yes References the article title element
aria-describedby Each article ID reference Recommended References the article description or content
aria-posinset Each article Number (1-based) Yes Position of article in the feed (starts at 1)
aria-setsize Each article Number or -1 Yes Total articles in feed, or -1 if unknown

* Either aria-label or aria-labelledby is required on the feed container. Use aria-labelledby when a visible heading exists.

WAI-ARIA States

aria-busy

Indicates when the feed is loading new content. Screen readers will wait to announce changes until loading completes.

Target Feed container
Values true | false
Required Conditional (when loading occurs)
Change Trigger Loading starts (true), loading completes (false)
Reference aria-busy (opens in new tab)

Note: Set to true when adding multiple articles to prevent premature announcements. Set to false after all DOM updates are complete.

Keyboard Support

Key Action
Page Down Move focus to next article in the feed
Page Up Move focus to previous article in the feed
Ctrl + End Move focus to first focusable element after the feed
Ctrl + Home Move focus to first focusable element before the feed

Why Page Up/Down instead of Arrow keys? Feeds contain long-form content like articles. Using Page Up/Down allows users to navigate between articles while Arrow keys remain available for reading within articles.

Important: Keyboard Documentation

The Feed pattern uses Page Up/Down for navigation, which differs from common widget patterns that use Arrow keys. As the APG specification (opens in new tab) notes: "Due to the lack of convention, providing easily discoverable keyboard interface documentation is especially important." Always display keyboard hints near the feed to help users discover these navigation options.

Focus Management

Behavior Description
Roving tabindex Only one article has tabindex="0", others have tabindex="-1"
Initial focus First article has tabindex="0" by default
Focus tracking tabindex updates as focus moves between articles
No wrap Focus does not wrap from first to last article or vice versa
Content inside articles Interactive elements inside articles remain keyboard accessible

Source Code

Feed.astro
---
/**
 * APG Feed Pattern - Astro Implementation
 *
 * A feed is a section of a page that automatically loads new sections of content
 * as the user scrolls. It is a structure (not a widget), allowing assistive
 * technologies to use their default reading mode.
 *
 * Uses Web Components for client-side keyboard navigation and infinite scroll.
 *
 * @see https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/patterns/feed/
 */

export interface FeedArticle {
  /** Unique identifier for the article */
  id: string;
  /** Article title (required for aria-labelledby) */
  title: string;
  /** Optional description (used for aria-describedby) */
  description?: string;
  /** Article content (plain text) */
  content: string;
}

export interface Props {
  /** Array of article data */
  articles: FeedArticle[];
  /** Accessible name for the feed (mutually exclusive with aria-labelledby) */
  'aria-label'?: string;
  /** ID reference to visible label (mutually exclusive with aria-label) */
  'aria-labelledby'?: string;
  /**
   * Total number of articles
   * - undefined: use articles.length (auto-calculate)
   * - -1: unknown total (infinite scroll)
   * - positive number: explicit total count
   */
  setSize?: number;
  /** Loading state */
  loading?: boolean;
  /** Additional CSS class */
  class?: string;
  /** Instance ID (optional, auto-generated if not provided) */
  id?: string;
  /** Test ID for E2E testing */
  'data-testid'?: string;
  /** Disable automatic infinite scroll (manual load only) */
  disableAutoLoad?: boolean;
  /** Intersection Observer root margin for triggering load (default: "200px") */
  loadMoreRootMargin?: string;
}

const {
  articles,
  'aria-label': ariaLabel,
  'aria-labelledby': ariaLabelledby,
  setSize,
  loading = false,
  class: className = '',
  id,
  'data-testid': testId,
  disableAutoLoad = false,
  loadMoreRootMargin = '200px',
} = Astro.props;

// Generate unique ID for this instance
const instanceId = id || `feed-${Math.random().toString(36).substring(2, 11)}`;

// Calculate set size
const computedSetSize = setSize !== undefined ? setSize : articles.length;
---

<apg-feed
  data-disable-auto-load={disableAutoLoad ? 'true' : undefined}
  data-load-more-root-margin={loadMoreRootMargin}
>
  <div
    role="feed"
    aria-label={ariaLabel}
    aria-labelledby={ariaLabelledby}
    aria-busy={loading}
    class:list={['apg-feed', className]}
    id={id}
    data-testid={testId}
  >
    {
      articles.map((article, index) => {
        const titleId = `${instanceId}-article-${article.id}-title`;
        const descId = article.description ? `${instanceId}-article-${article.id}-desc` : undefined;
        const isFirst = index === 0;

        return (
          <article
            role="article"
            class="apg-feed-article"
            tabindex={isFirst ? 0 : -1}
            aria-labelledby={titleId}
            aria-describedby={descId}
            aria-posinset={index + 1}
            aria-setsize={computedSetSize}
            data-article-id={article.id}
            data-article-index={index.toString()}
          >
            <h3 id={titleId}>
              <a href="#" class="apg-feed-article-title-link" onclick="event.preventDefault()">
                {article.title}
              </a>
            </h3>
            {article.description && <p id={descId}>{article.description}</p>}
            <div class="apg-feed-article-content">{article.content}</div>
          </article>
        );
      })
    }
    <!-- Sentinel element for infinite scroll detection -->
    {!disableAutoLoad && <div class="apg-feed-sentinel" aria-hidden="true" />}
  </div>

  <script>
    class ApgFeed extends HTMLElement {
      private feedElement: HTMLElement | null = null;
      private articles: HTMLElement[] = [];
      private focusedIndex = 0;
      private observer: IntersectionObserver | null = null;
      private sentinel: HTMLElement | null = null;
      private boundHandleKeyDown: ((event: KeyboardEvent) => void) | null = null;

      connectedCallback() {
        this.feedElement = this.querySelector('[role="feed"]');
        if (!this.feedElement) return;

        this.articles = Array.from(this.feedElement.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]'));
        if (this.articles.length === 0) return;

        // Set up event listeners (store bound function for cleanup)
        this.boundHandleKeyDown = this.handleKeyDown.bind(this);
        this.feedElement.addEventListener('keydown', this.boundHandleKeyDown);

        // Set up focus tracking
        this.articles.forEach((article, index) => {
          article.addEventListener('focus', () => this.handleArticleFocus(index));
        });

        // Set up Intersection Observer for infinite scroll
        this.setupIntersectionObserver();
      }

      disconnectedCallback() {
        // Clean up event listeners
        if (this.feedElement && this.boundHandleKeyDown) {
          this.feedElement.removeEventListener('keydown', this.boundHandleKeyDown);
        }
        // Clean up observer
        if (this.observer) {
          this.observer.disconnect();
        }
      }

      private setupIntersectionObserver() {
        const disableAutoLoad = this.dataset.disableAutoLoad === 'true';
        if (disableAutoLoad) return;

        this.sentinel = this.querySelector('.apg-feed-sentinel');
        if (!this.sentinel) return;

        const rootMargin = this.dataset.loadMoreRootMargin || '200px';

        this.observer = new IntersectionObserver(
          (entries) => {
            const entry = entries[0];
            const feedElement = this.feedElement;
            if (
              entry.isIntersecting &&
              feedElement &&
              feedElement.getAttribute('aria-busy') !== 'true'
            ) {
              // Dispatch custom event for infinite scroll
              this.dispatchEvent(
                new CustomEvent('feed:loadmore', {
                  bubbles: true,
                  composed: true,
                })
              );
            }
          },
          {
            rootMargin,
            threshold: 0,
          }
        );

        this.observer.observe(this.sentinel);
      }

      private handleKeyDown(event: KeyboardEvent) {
        const { target } = event;
        if (!(target instanceof HTMLElement)) return;

        let currentIndex = this.focusedIndex;

        // Find current article
        for (let i = 0; i < this.articles.length; i++) {
          const article = this.articles[i];
          if (article === target || article.contains(target)) {
            currentIndex = i;
            break;
          }
        }

        switch (event.key) {
          case 'PageDown':
            event.preventDefault();
            if (currentIndex < this.articles.length - 1) {
              this.focusArticle(currentIndex + 1);
            }
            break;

          case 'PageUp':
            event.preventDefault();
            if (currentIndex > 0) {
              this.focusArticle(currentIndex - 1);
            }
            break;

          case 'End':
            if (event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) {
              event.preventDefault();
              this.focusOutsideFeed('after');
            }
            break;

          case 'Home':
            if (event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) {
              event.preventDefault();
              this.focusOutsideFeed('before');
            }
            break;
        }
      }

      private focusArticle(index: number) {
        const article = this.articles[index];
        if (!article) return;

        // Update tabindex
        this.articles.forEach((a, i) => {
          a.setAttribute('tabindex', i === index ? '0' : '-1');
        });

        article.focus();
        this.focusedIndex = index;

        // Dispatch focus change event
        this.dispatchEvent(
          new CustomEvent('feed:focuschange', {
            bubbles: true,
            composed: true,
            detail: {
              articleId: article.dataset.articleId,
              index,
            },
          })
        );
      }

      private handleArticleFocus(index: number) {
        // Update tabindex
        this.articles.forEach((a, i) => {
          a.setAttribute('tabindex', i === index ? '0' : '-1');
        });
        this.focusedIndex = index;
      }

      private focusOutsideFeed(direction: 'before' | 'after') {
        if (!this.feedElement) return;

        const focusableSelector =
          'a[href], button:not([disabled]), input:not([disabled]), ' +
          'select:not([disabled]), textarea:not([disabled]), ' +
          '[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])';

        const allFocusable = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>(focusableSelector));

        // Find the index range of feed elements
        let feedStartIndex = -1;
        let feedEndIndex = -1;

        for (let i = 0; i < allFocusable.length; i++) {
          if (this.feedElement.contains(allFocusable[i]) || allFocusable[i] === this.feedElement) {
            if (feedStartIndex === -1) feedStartIndex = i;
            feedEndIndex = i;
          }
        }

        if (direction === 'before') {
          if (feedStartIndex > 0) {
            allFocusable[feedStartIndex - 1].focus();
          }
        } else {
          if (feedEndIndex >= 0 && feedEndIndex < allFocusable.length - 1) {
            allFocusable[feedEndIndex + 1].focus();
          }
        }
      }
    }

    customElements.define('apg-feed', ApgFeed);
  </script>
</apg-feed>

<style>
  /* Styles are in src/styles/patterns/feed.css */
  .apg-feed-sentinel {
    height: 1px;
    visibility: hidden;
  }
</style>

Usage

Example
---
import Feed from './Feed.astro';

const articles = [
  {
    id: 'article-1',
    title: 'Getting Started with Astro',
    description: 'Learn the basics of Astro development',
    content: '<p>Full article content here...</p>'
  },
  {
    id: 'article-2',
    title: 'Advanced Patterns',
    description: 'Explore advanced Astro patterns',
    content: '<p>Full article content here...</p>'
  }
];
---

<Feed
  articles={articles}
  aria-label="Blog posts"
  setSize={-1}
  loading={false}
/>

API

Feed Props

Prop Type Default Description
articles FeedArticle[] required Array of article items
aria-label string conditional Accessible name (required if no aria-labelledby)
aria-labelledby string conditional ID reference to visible heading
setSize number articles.length Total count or -1 if unknown
loading boolean false Loading state (sets aria-busy)

Custom Events

Event Detail Description
feed:loadmore - Dispatched to load more articles
feed:focuschange { articleId: string, index: number } Dispatched when focus changes

FeedArticle Interface

Types
interface FeedArticle {
  id: string;
  title: string;
  description?: string;
  content: string;
}

Testing

Tests verify APG compliance across ARIA structure, keyboard navigation, focus management, and dynamic loading states. The Feed component uses a two-layer testing strategy.

Testing Strategy

Unit Tests (Container API / Testing Library)

Verify the component's HTML output and basic interactions. These tests ensure correct template rendering and ARIA attributes.

  • HTML structure with feed/article roles
  • ARIA attributes (aria-labelledby, aria-posinset, aria-setsize)
  • Initial tabindex values (roving tabindex)
  • Dynamic loading state (aria-busy)
  • CSS class application

E2E Tests (Playwright)

Verify component behavior in a real browser environment. These tests cover interactions that require JavaScript execution.

  • Page Up/Down navigation between articles
  • Ctrl+Home/End for escaping the feed
  • Focus management and tabindex updates
  • Navigation from inside article elements

Test Categories

High Priority: ARIA Structure

Test Description
role="feed" Container has feed role
role="article" Each item has article role
aria-label/labelledby (feed) Feed container has accessible name
aria-labelledby (article) Each article references its title
aria-posinset Sequential starting from 1
aria-setsize Total count or -1 if unknown

High Priority: Keyboard Interaction

Test Description
Page Down Moves focus to next article
Page Up Moves focus to previous article
No wrap Does not loop at first/last article
Ctrl+End Moves focus after the feed
Ctrl+Home Moves focus before the feed
Inside article Page Down works from inside article elements

High Priority: Focus Management

Test Description
Roving tabindex Only one article has tabindex="0"
tabindex update tabindex updates when focus moves
Initial state First article has tabindex="0" by default

High Priority: Dynamic Loading

Test Description
aria-busy="false" Default state when not loading
aria-busy="true" Set during loading
Focus maintenance Focus maintained during loading

Medium Priority: Accessibility

Test Description
axe violations No WCAG 2.1 AA violations
Loading state No axe violations during loading
aria-describedby Present when description provided

Running Tests

Unit Tests

# Run all Feed unit tests
npm run test:unit -- Feed

# Run framework-specific tests
npm run test:react -- Feed.test.tsx
npm run test:vue -- Feed.test.vue.ts
npm run test:svelte -- Feed.test.svelte.ts
npm run test:astro

E2E Tests

# Run all Feed E2E tests
npm run test:e2e -- feed.spec.ts

# Run in UI mode
npm run test:e2e:ui -- feed.spec.ts
Feed.test.astro.ts
/**
 * Feed Astro Component Tests using Container API
 *
 * These tests verify the Feed.astro component output using Astro's Container API.
 * This ensures the component renders correct ARIA structure and attributes.
 *
 * Note: Interactive behavior (keyboard navigation, Ctrl+Home/End) is tested in E2E tests.
 *
 * @see https://docs.astro.build/en/reference/container-reference/
 */
import { experimental_AstroContainer as AstroContainer } from 'astro/container';
import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
import { JSDOM } from 'jsdom';
import Feed from './Feed.astro';

describe('Feed (Astro Container API)', () => {
  let container: AstroContainer;

  beforeEach(async () => {
    container = await AstroContainer.create();
  });

  // Helper to render and parse HTML
  async function renderFeed(props: {
    articles: Array<{ id: string; title: string; description?: string; content: string }>;
    'aria-label'?: string;
    'aria-labelledby'?: string;
    setSize?: number;
    loading?: boolean;
    class?: string;
    id?: string;
  }): Promise<Document> {
    const html = await container.renderToString(Feed, { props });
    const dom = new JSDOM(html);
    return dom.window.document;
  }

  const basicArticles = [
    {
      id: 'article-1',
      title: 'First Article',
      description: 'Description 1',
      content: '<p>Content 1</p>',
    },
    {
      id: 'article-2',
      title: 'Second Article',
      description: 'Description 2',
      content: '<p>Content 2</p>',
    },
    {
      id: 'article-3',
      title: 'Third Article',
      description: 'Description 3',
      content: '<p>Content 3</p>',
    },
  ];

  const fiveArticles = [
    { id: 'article-1', title: 'Article 1', content: '<p>Content 1</p>' },
    { id: 'article-2', title: 'Article 2', content: '<p>Content 2</p>' },
    { id: 'article-3', title: 'Article 3', content: '<p>Content 3</p>' },
    { id: 'article-4', title: 'Article 4', content: '<p>Content 4</p>' },
    { id: 'article-5', title: 'Article 5', content: '<p>Content 5</p>' },
  ];

  // 🔴 High Priority: APG ARIA Structure
  describe('APG: ARIA Structure', () => {
    it('has role="feed" on container', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });
      const feed = doc.querySelector('[role="feed"]');
      expect(feed).not.toBeNull();
    });

    it('has role="article" on each article', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });
      const articles = doc.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]');
      expect(articles).toHaveLength(3);
    });

    it('has aria-label on feed when provided', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });
      const feed = doc.querySelector('[role="feed"]');
      expect(feed?.getAttribute('aria-label')).toBe('News Feed');
    });

    it('has aria-labelledby on feed when provided', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-labelledby': 'feed-title',
      });
      const feed = doc.querySelector('[role="feed"]');
      expect(feed?.getAttribute('aria-labelledby')).toBe('feed-title');
    });

    it('has aria-labelledby on each article referencing title', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });
      const articles = doc.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        const labelledby = article.getAttribute('aria-labelledby');
        expect(labelledby).toBeTruthy();

        const titleElement = doc.getElementById(labelledby!);
        expect(titleElement).not.toBeNull();
      });
    });

    it('has aria-describedby on articles when description provided', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });
      const articles = doc.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        const describedby = article.getAttribute('aria-describedby');
        expect(describedby).toBeTruthy();

        const descElement = doc.getElementById(describedby!);
        expect(descElement).not.toBeNull();
      });
    });

    it('has aria-posinset starting from 1 and sequential', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: fiveArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });
      const articles = doc.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]');

      articles.forEach((article, index) => {
        expect(article.getAttribute('aria-posinset')).toBe(String(index + 1));
      });
    });

    it('has aria-setsize as total count when known', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: fiveArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });
      const articles = doc.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        expect(article.getAttribute('aria-setsize')).toBe('5');
      });
    });

    it('has aria-setsize as -1 when setSize is -1', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: fiveArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
        setSize: -1,
      });
      const articles = doc.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        expect(article.getAttribute('aria-setsize')).toBe('-1');
      });
    });

    it('has aria-setsize as explicit value when provided', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
        setSize: 100,
      });
      const articles = doc.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        expect(article.getAttribute('aria-setsize')).toBe('100');
      });
    });
  });

  // 🔴 High Priority: Focus Management
  describe('APG: Focus Management', () => {
    it('article elements have tabindex', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });
      const articles = doc.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]');

      articles.forEach((article) => {
        expect(article.hasAttribute('tabindex')).toBe(true);
      });
    });

    it('uses roving tabindex (only first article has tabindex="0")', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });
      const articles = doc.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]');

      expect(articles[0]?.getAttribute('tabindex')).toBe('0');
      expect(articles[1]?.getAttribute('tabindex')).toBe('-1');
      expect(articles[2]?.getAttribute('tabindex')).toBe('-1');
    });
  });

  // 🔴 High Priority: Dynamic Loading State
  describe('APG: Dynamic Loading', () => {
    it('has aria-busy="false" by default', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });
      const feed = doc.querySelector('[role="feed"]');
      expect(feed?.getAttribute('aria-busy')).toBe('false');
    });

    it('has aria-busy="true" when loading', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
        loading: true,
      });
      const feed = doc.querySelector('[role="feed"]');
      expect(feed?.getAttribute('aria-busy')).toBe('true');
    });
  });

  // 🟢 Low Priority: HTML Attributes
  describe('HTML Attributes', () => {
    it('applies class to container', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
        class: 'custom-feed',
      });
      const feed = doc.querySelector('[role="feed"]');
      expect(feed?.classList.contains('custom-feed')).toBe(true);
    });

    it('applies id to container', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
        id: 'my-feed',
      });
      const feed = doc.querySelector('[role="feed"]');
      expect(feed?.getAttribute('id')).toBe('my-feed');
    });
  });

  // Content Rendering
  describe('Content Rendering', () => {
    it('renders article titles', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });

      expect(doc.body.textContent).toContain('First Article');
      expect(doc.body.textContent).toContain('Second Article');
      expect(doc.body.textContent).toContain('Third Article');
    });

    it('renders article descriptions when provided', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });

      expect(doc.body.textContent).toContain('Description 1');
      expect(doc.body.textContent).toContain('Description 2');
      expect(doc.body.textContent).toContain('Description 3');
    });

    it('renders article content', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: basicArticles,
        'aria-label': 'News Feed',
      });

      expect(doc.body.innerHTML).toContain('Content 1');
      expect(doc.body.innerHTML).toContain('Content 2');
      expect(doc.body.innerHTML).toContain('Content 3');
    });
  });

  // Edge Cases
  describe('Edge Cases', () => {
    it('handles empty articles array', async () => {
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: [],
        'aria-label': 'Empty Feed',
      });

      const feed = doc.querySelector('[role="feed"]');
      expect(feed).not.toBeNull();

      const articles = doc.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]');
      expect(articles).toHaveLength(0);
    });

    it('handles single article', async () => {
      const singleArticle = [{ id: '1', title: 'Only Article', content: '<p>Content</p>' }];
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: singleArticle,
        'aria-label': 'Single Article Feed',
      });

      const articles = doc.querySelectorAll('[role="article"]');
      expect(articles).toHaveLength(1);
      expect(articles[0]?.getAttribute('aria-posinset')).toBe('1');
      expect(articles[0]?.getAttribute('aria-setsize')).toBe('1');
    });

    it('handles article without description', async () => {
      const noDescArticles = [{ id: '1', title: 'No Description', content: '<p>Content</p>' }];
      const doc = await renderFeed({
        articles: noDescArticles,
        'aria-label': 'Feed',
      });

      const article = doc.querySelector('[role="article"]');
      // Should not have aria-describedby when no description
      expect(article?.hasAttribute('aria-describedby')).toBe(false);
    });
  });
});

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