Radio Group
A set of checkable buttons where only one can be checked at a time.
Demo
Basic Radio Group
Use arrow keys to navigate and select. Tab moves focus in/out of the group.
With Default Value
Pre-selected option using the defaultValue prop.
With Disabled Option
Disabled options are skipped during keyboard navigation.
Horizontal Orientation
Horizontal layout with orientation="horizontal".
Native HTML
Use Native HTML First
Before using this custom component, consider using native <input type="radio"> elements with <fieldset> and <legend>. They provide built-in accessibility, work without JavaScript, and require no ARIA attributes.
<fieldset>
<legend>Favorite color</legend>
<label><input type="radio" name="color" value="red" /> Red</label>
<label><input type="radio" name="color" value="blue" /> Blue</label>
<label><input type="radio" name="color" value="green" /> Green</label>
</fieldset> Use custom implementations when you need consistent cross-browser keyboard behavior or custom styling that native elements cannot provide.
| Use Case | Native HTML | Custom Implementation |
|---|---|---|
| Basic form input | Recommended | Not needed |
| JavaScript disabled support | Works natively | Requires fallback |
| Arrow key navigation | Browser-dependent* | Consistent behavior |
| Custom styling | Limited (browser-dependent) | Full control |
| Form submission | Built-in | Requires hidden input |
*Native radio keyboard behavior varies between browsers. Some browsers may not support all APG keyboard interactions (like Home/End) out of the box.
Accessibility Features
WAI-ARIA Roles
| Role | Target Element | Description |
|---|---|---|
radiogroup | Container element | Groups radio buttons together. Must have an accessible name via aria-label or aria-labelledby. |
radio | Each option element | Identifies the element as a radio button. Only one radio in a group can be checked at a time. |
WAI-ARIA Properties
aria-orientation
Indicates the orientation of the radio group. Vertical is the default. Only set when horizontal.
- Values
- horizontal | vertical
- Required
- No
aria-label
Accessible name for the radio group
- Values
- String
- Required
- Yes (or aria-labelledby)
aria-labelledby
Alternative to aria-label
- Values
- ID reference
- Required
- Yes (or aria-label)
WAI-ARIA States
aria-checked
- Target Element
- Each radio
- Values
- true | false
- Required
- Yes
- Change Trigger
- Click, Space, Arrow keys
aria-disabled
- Target Element
- Disabled radio
- Values
- true
- Required
- No
Keyboard Support
| Key | Action |
|---|---|
| Tab | Move focus into the group (to selected or first radio) |
| Shift + Tab | Move focus out of the group |
| Space | Select the focused radio (does not unselect) |
| ArrowDown / ArrowRight | Move to next radio and select (wraps to first) |
| ArrowUp / ArrowLeft | Move to previous radio and select (wraps to last) |
| Home | Move to first radio and select |
| End | Move to last radio and select |
- Unlike Checkbox, arrow keys both move focus AND change selection.
- Disabled radios are skipped during navigation.
- This implementation uses custom role=“radiogroup” and role=“radio” for consistent cross-browser keyboard behavior. Native
<input type="radio">provides these roles implicitly.
Accessible Naming
Both the radio group and individual radios must have accessible names:
- Radio group — Use
aria-labeloraria-labelledbyon the container - Individual radios — Each radio is labeled by its visible text content via
aria-labelledby - Native alternative — Use
<fieldset>with<legend>for group labeling
Focus Management
| Event | Behavior |
|---|---|
| Roving tabindex | Only one radio in the group is tabbable at any time |
| Selected radio | Has tabindex="0" |
| If none selected | First enabled radio has tabindex="0" |
| All other radios | Have tabindex="-1" |
| Disabled radios | Always have tabindex="-1" |
Visual Design
This implementation follows WCAG 1.4.1 (Use of Color) by not relying solely on color to indicate state:
- Selected — Filled circle
- Unselected — Empty circle
- Disabled — Reduced opacity
- Forced colors mode — Uses system colors for accessibility in Windows High Contrast Mode
References
Source Code
---
/**
* APG Radio Group Pattern - Astro Implementation
*
* A set of checkable buttons where only one can be checked at a time.
* Uses Web Components for keyboard navigation and focus management.
*
* @see https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/patterns/radio/
*/
export interface RadioOption {
id: string;
label: string;
value: string;
disabled?: boolean;
}
export interface Props {
/** Radio options */
options: RadioOption[];
/** Group name for form submission */
name: string;
/** Accessible label for the group */
'aria-label'?: string;
/** Reference to external label */
'aria-labelledby'?: string;
/** Initially selected value */
defaultValue?: string;
/** Orientation of the group */
orientation?: 'horizontal' | 'vertical';
/** Additional CSS class */
class?: string;
}
const {
options,
name,
'aria-label': ariaLabel,
'aria-labelledby': ariaLabelledby,
defaultValue = '',
orientation = 'vertical',
class: className = '',
} = Astro.props;
// Generate unique ID
const instanceId = `radio-group-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 9)}`;
// Find initial selected value
const getInitialValue = () => {
if (defaultValue) {
const option = options.find((opt) => opt.value === defaultValue);
if (option && !option.disabled) {
return defaultValue;
}
}
return '';
};
const initialValue = getInitialValue();
// Get tabbable value
const getTabbableValue = () => {
if (initialValue) {
return initialValue;
}
const firstEnabled = options.find((opt) => !opt.disabled);
return firstEnabled?.value || '';
};
const tabbableValue = getTabbableValue();
---
<apg-radio-group
class={`apg-radio-group ${className}`.trim()}
role="radiogroup"
aria-label={ariaLabel}
aria-labelledby={ariaLabelledby}
aria-orientation={orientation === 'horizontal' ? 'horizontal' : undefined}
data-name={name}
data-value={initialValue}
>
<!-- Hidden input for form submission -->
<input type="hidden" name={name} value={initialValue} />
{
options.map((option) => {
const isSelected = initialValue === option.value;
const isTabbable = option.value === tabbableValue && !option.disabled;
const tabIndex = option.disabled ? -1 : isTabbable ? 0 : -1;
return (
<div
role="radio"
aria-checked={isSelected ? 'true' : 'false'}
aria-disabled={option.disabled ? 'true' : undefined}
aria-labelledby={`${instanceId}-label-${option.id}`}
tabindex={tabIndex}
data-value={option.value}
data-disabled={option.disabled ? 'true' : undefined}
class={`apg-radio ${isSelected ? 'apg-radio--selected' : ''} ${option.disabled ? 'apg-radio--disabled' : ''}`}
>
<span class="apg-radio-control" aria-hidden="true">
<span class="apg-radio-indicator" />
</span>
<span id={`${instanceId}-label-${option.id}`} class="apg-radio-label">
{option.label}
</span>
</div>
);
})
}
</apg-radio-group>
<script>
class ApgRadioGroup extends HTMLElement {
private radios: HTMLElement[] = [];
private hiddenInput: HTMLInputElement | null = null;
private rafId: number | null = null;
connectedCallback() {
this.rafId = requestAnimationFrame(() => this.initialize());
}
private initialize() {
this.rafId = null;
this.radios = Array.from(this.querySelectorAll('[role="radio"]'));
this.hiddenInput = this.querySelector('input[type="hidden"]');
this.radios.forEach((radio) => {
radio.addEventListener('click', this.handleClick);
radio.addEventListener('keydown', this.handleKeyDown);
});
}
disconnectedCallback() {
if (this.rafId !== null) {
cancelAnimationFrame(this.rafId);
this.rafId = null;
}
this.radios.forEach((radio) => {
radio.removeEventListener('click', this.handleClick);
radio.removeEventListener('keydown', this.handleKeyDown);
});
this.radios = [];
this.hiddenInput = null;
}
private getEnabledRadios(): HTMLElement[] {
return this.radios.filter((radio) => radio.dataset.disabled !== 'true');
}
private selectRadio(radio: HTMLElement) {
if (radio.dataset.disabled === 'true') return;
const value = radio.dataset.value || '';
// Update all radios
this.radios.forEach((r) => {
const isSelected = r === radio;
r.setAttribute('aria-checked', isSelected ? 'true' : 'false');
r.classList.toggle('apg-radio--selected', isSelected);
// Update tabindex (roving)
if (r.dataset.disabled !== 'true') {
r.setAttribute('tabindex', isSelected ? '0' : '-1');
}
});
// Update hidden input
if (this.hiddenInput) {
this.hiddenInput.value = value;
}
// Dispatch event
this.dispatchEvent(
new CustomEvent('valuechange', {
detail: { value },
bubbles: true,
})
);
}
private focusRadio(radio: HTMLElement) {
radio.focus();
}
private navigateAndSelect(direction: 'next' | 'prev' | 'first' | 'last') {
const enabledRadios = this.getEnabledRadios();
if (enabledRadios.length === 0) return;
const currentIndex = enabledRadios.findIndex((r) => r === document.activeElement);
let targetIndex: number;
switch (direction) {
case 'next':
targetIndex = currentIndex >= 0 ? (currentIndex + 1) % enabledRadios.length : 0;
break;
case 'prev':
targetIndex =
currentIndex >= 0
? (currentIndex - 1 + enabledRadios.length) % enabledRadios.length
: enabledRadios.length - 1;
break;
case 'first':
targetIndex = 0;
break;
case 'last':
targetIndex = enabledRadios.length - 1;
break;
}
const targetRadio = enabledRadios[targetIndex];
if (targetRadio) {
this.focusRadio(targetRadio);
this.selectRadio(targetRadio);
}
}
private handleClick = (event: Event) => {
const radio = event.currentTarget as HTMLElement;
if (radio.dataset.disabled !== 'true') {
this.focusRadio(radio);
this.selectRadio(radio);
}
};
private handleKeyDown = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
const radio = event.currentTarget as HTMLElement;
const { key } = event;
switch (key) {
case 'ArrowDown':
case 'ArrowRight':
event.preventDefault();
this.navigateAndSelect('next');
break;
case 'ArrowUp':
case 'ArrowLeft':
event.preventDefault();
this.navigateAndSelect('prev');
break;
case 'Home':
event.preventDefault();
this.navigateAndSelect('first');
break;
case 'End':
event.preventDefault();
this.navigateAndSelect('last');
break;
case ' ':
event.preventDefault();
this.selectRadio(radio);
break;
}
};
}
if (!customElements.get('apg-radio-group')) {
customElements.define('apg-radio-group', ApgRadioGroup);
}
</script> Usage
---
import RadioGroup from './RadioGroup.astro';
const options = [
{ id: 'red', label: 'Red', value: 'red' },
{ id: 'blue', label: 'Blue', value: 'blue' },
{ id: 'green', label: 'Green', value: 'green' },
];
---
<RadioGroup
options={options}
name="color"
aria-label="Favorite color"
defaultValue="blue"
/>
<script>
// Listen for value changes
document.querySelector('apg-radio-group')?.addEventListener('valuechange', (e) => {
console.log('Selected:', e.detail.value);
});
</script> API
| Prop | Type | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
options | RadioOption[] | required | Array of radio options |
name | string | required | Group name for form submission |
aria-label | string | - | Accessible label for the group |
aria-labelledby | string | - | ID of labeling element |
defaultValue | string | "" | Initially selected value |
orientation | 'horizontal' | 'vertical' | 'vertical' | Layout orientation |
class | string | - | Additional CSS class |
Custom Events
| Event | Detail | Description |
|---|---|---|
valuechange | { value: string } | Dispatched when selection changes |
Testing
Tests verify APG compliance across keyboard interaction, ARIA attributes, focus management, and accessibility requirements. The Radio Group component uses a two-layer testing strategy.
Testing Strategy
Unit Tests (Testing Library)
Verify the component's rendered output using framework-specific testing libraries. These tests ensure correct HTML structure and ARIA attributes.
- ARIA attributes (aria-checked, aria-disabled, aria-orientation)
- Keyboard interaction (Arrow keys, Home, End, Space)
- Roving tabindex behavior
- Accessibility via jest-axe
E2E Tests (Playwright)
Verify component behavior in a real browser environment across all frameworks. These tests cover interactions and cross-framework consistency.
- Click interactions
- Arrow key navigation with looping
- Space key selection
- ARIA structure validation in live browser
- axe-core accessibility scanning
- Cross-framework consistency checks
Test Categories
High Priority : APG ARIA Attributes (Unit + E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
role="radiogroup" | Container has radiogroup role |
role="radio" | Each option has radio role |
aria-checked | Selected radio has aria-checked="true" |
aria-disabled | Disabled radios have aria-disabled="true" |
aria-orientation | Only set when horizontal (vertical is default) |
accessible name | Group and radios have accessible names |
High Priority : APG Keyboard Interaction (Unit + E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
Tab focus | Tab focuses selected radio (or first if none) |
Tab exit | Tab/Shift+Tab exits the group |
Space select | Space selects focused radio |
Space no unselect | Space does not unselect already selected radio |
ArrowDown/Right | Moves to next and selects |
ArrowUp/Left | Moves to previous and selects |
Home | Moves to first and selects |
End | Moves to last and selects |
Arrow wrap | Wraps from last to first and vice versa |
Disabled skip | Disabled radios skipped during navigation |
High Priority : Click Interaction (Unit + E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
Click selects | Clicking radio selects it |
Click changes | Clicking different radio changes selection |
Disabled no click | Clicking disabled radio does not select it |
High Priority : Focus Management - Roving Tabindex (Unit + E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
tabindex="0" | Selected radio has tabindex="0" |
tabindex="-1" | Non-selected radios have tabindex="-1" |
Disabled tabindex | Disabled radios have tabindex="-1" |
First tabbable | First enabled radio tabbable when none selected |
Single tabbable | Only one tabindex="0" in group at any time |
Medium Priority : Accessibility (Unit + E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
axe violations | No WCAG 2.1 AA violations (via jest-axe/axe-core) |
selected axe | No violations with selected value |
disabled axe | No violations with disabled option |
Low Priority : Cross-framework Consistency (E2E)
| Test | Description |
|---|---|
All frameworks render | React, Vue, Svelte, Astro all render radio groups |
Consistent click | All frameworks support click to select |
Consistent ARIA | All frameworks have consistent ARIA structure |
Consistent keyboard | All frameworks support keyboard navigation |
Example Test Code
The following is the actual E2E test file (e2e/radio-group.spec.ts).
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
import AxeBuilder from '@axe-core/playwright';
/**
* E2E Tests for Radio Group Pattern
*
* A set of checkable buttons where only one can be checked at a time.
* Uses roving tabindex for focus management.
*
* APG Reference: https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/patterns/radio/
*/
const frameworks = ['react', 'vue', 'svelte', 'astro'] as const;
// ============================================
// Helper Functions
// ============================================
const getRadioGroup = (page: import('@playwright/test').Page) => {
return page.getByRole('radiogroup');
};
const getRadios = (page: import('@playwright/test').Page) => {
return page.getByRole('radio');
};
// ============================================
// Framework-specific Tests
// ============================================
for (const framework of frameworks) {
test.describe(`Radio Group (${framework})`, () => {
test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto(`patterns/radio-group/${framework}/demo/`);
await getRadioGroup(page).first().waitFor();
});
// ------------------------------------------
// 🔴 High Priority: APG ARIA Structure
// ------------------------------------------
test.describe('APG: ARIA Structure', () => {
test('container has role="radiogroup"', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
await expect(radiogroup).toHaveRole('radiogroup');
});
test('has multiple radio groups', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroups = getRadioGroup(page);
const count = await radiogroups.count();
expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(1);
});
test('each option has role="radio"', async ({ page }) => {
const radios = getRadios(page);
const count = await radios.count();
expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0);
// Verify first few radios have correct role
for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(3, count); i++) {
await expect(radios.nth(i)).toHaveRole('radio');
}
});
test('radiogroup has accessible name', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const ariaLabel = await radiogroup.getAttribute('aria-label');
const ariaLabelledby = await radiogroup.getAttribute('aria-labelledby');
// Must have either aria-label or aria-labelledby
expect(ariaLabel || ariaLabelledby).toBeTruthy();
});
test('each radio has accessible name via aria-labelledby', async ({ page }) => {
const radios = getRadios(page);
const count = await radios.count();
for (let i = 0; i < Math.min(3, count); i++) {
const radio = radios.nth(i);
const labelledby = await radio.getAttribute('aria-labelledby');
expect(labelledby).toBeTruthy();
// Verify the referenced element exists
// Use CSS.escape for IDs that may contain special characters
if (labelledby) {
const labelElement = page.locator(`[id="${labelledby}"]`);
await expect(labelElement).toBeVisible();
}
}
});
test('selected radio has aria-checked="true"', async ({ page }) => {
// Use the group with default value
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).nth(1); // "With Default Value" group
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
// Find the selected radio
let selectedCount = 0;
const count = await radios.count();
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
const checked = await radios.nth(i).getAttribute('aria-checked');
if (checked === 'true') {
selectedCount++;
}
}
// Should have exactly one selected
expect(selectedCount).toBe(1);
});
test('non-selected radios have aria-checked="false"', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const count = await radios.count();
// Click first to ensure one is selected
await radios.first().click();
// Check non-selected radios
for (let i = 1; i < count; i++) {
const checked = await radios.nth(i).getAttribute('aria-checked');
expect(checked).toBe('false');
}
});
test('disabled radio has aria-disabled="true"', async ({ page }) => {
// Use the group with disabled option
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).nth(2); // "With Disabled Option" group
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const count = await radios.count();
let foundDisabled = false;
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
const disabled = await radios.nth(i).getAttribute('aria-disabled');
if (disabled === 'true') {
foundDisabled = true;
break;
}
}
expect(foundDisabled).toBe(true);
});
test('aria-orientation is only set when horizontal', async ({ page }) => {
// First group (vertical) - should NOT have aria-orientation
const verticalGroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const verticalOrientation = await verticalGroup.getAttribute('aria-orientation');
expect(verticalOrientation).toBeNull();
// Horizontal group - should have aria-orientation="horizontal"
const horizontalGroup = getRadioGroup(page).nth(3); // "Horizontal Orientation" group
const horizontalOrientation = await horizontalGroup.getAttribute('aria-orientation');
expect(horizontalOrientation).toBe('horizontal');
});
});
// ------------------------------------------
// 🔴 High Priority: Keyboard Interaction
// ------------------------------------------
test.describe('APG: Keyboard Interaction', () => {
test('Tab focuses first radio when none selected', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const firstRadio = radiogroup.getByRole('radio').first();
// Focus the page first
await page.keyboard.press('Tab');
// Find and verify focus is on first radio
await expect(firstRadio).toBeFocused();
});
test('Tab focuses selected radio', async ({ page }) => {
// Use group with default value
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).nth(1);
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
// Find the pre-selected radio (Medium)
const mediumRadio = radios.filter({ hasText: 'Medium' });
// Tab to the group
await page.keyboard.press('Tab'); // First group
await page.keyboard.press('Tab'); // Second group (with default)
await expect(mediumRadio).toBeFocused();
});
test('ArrowDown moves to next and selects', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const firstRadio = radios.first();
const secondRadio = radios.nth(1);
await firstRadio.click();
await expect(firstRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
await firstRadio.press('ArrowDown');
await expect(secondRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(secondRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'false');
});
test('ArrowRight moves to next and selects', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const firstRadio = radios.first();
const secondRadio = radios.nth(1);
await firstRadio.click();
await expect(firstRadio).toBeFocused();
await firstRadio.press('ArrowRight');
await expect(secondRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(secondRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
});
test('ArrowUp moves to previous and selects', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const secondRadio = radios.nth(1);
const firstRadio = radios.first();
await secondRadio.click();
await expect(secondRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(secondRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
await secondRadio.press('ArrowUp');
await expect(firstRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
});
test('ArrowLeft moves to previous and selects', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const secondRadio = radios.nth(1);
const firstRadio = radios.first();
await secondRadio.click();
await expect(secondRadio).toBeFocused();
await secondRadio.press('ArrowLeft');
await expect(firstRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
});
test('Arrow keys wrap from last to first', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const lastRadio = radios.last();
const firstRadio = radios.first();
await lastRadio.click();
await expect(lastRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
await expect(lastRadio).toBeFocused();
await lastRadio.press('ArrowDown');
await expect(firstRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
});
test('Arrow keys wrap from first to last', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const firstRadio = radios.first();
const lastRadio = radios.last();
await firstRadio.click();
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
await expect(firstRadio).toBeFocused();
await firstRadio.press('ArrowUp');
await expect(lastRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(lastRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
});
test('Home moves to first and selects', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const lastRadio = radios.last();
const firstRadio = radios.first();
await lastRadio.click();
await expect(lastRadio).toBeFocused();
await lastRadio.press('Home');
await expect(firstRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
});
test('End moves to last and selects', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const firstRadio = radios.first();
const lastRadio = radios.last();
await firstRadio.click();
await expect(firstRadio).toBeFocused();
await firstRadio.press('End');
await expect(lastRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(lastRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
});
test('Space selects focused radio', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const firstRadio = radios.first();
const secondRadio = radios.nth(1);
// Click first to select and focus
await firstRadio.click();
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
// Move to second with arrow (focus without selecting in manual mode would need manual mode)
// In automatic mode, arrow already selects, so test Space on already selected
await firstRadio.press('ArrowDown');
await expect(secondRadio).toBeFocused();
// Press Space - should keep it selected (confirms Space works)
await secondRadio.press('Space');
await expect(secondRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
});
test('Space does not unselect already selected radio', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const firstRadio = radios.first();
// Select first radio
await firstRadio.click();
await expect(firstRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
// Press Space again - should stay selected
await firstRadio.press('Space');
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
});
test('Arrow keys skip disabled radios', async ({ page }) => {
// Use group with disabled option
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).nth(2);
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
// Find enabled radios
const enabledRadios: import('@playwright/test').Locator[] = [];
const count = await radios.count();
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
const disabled = await radios.nth(i).getAttribute('aria-disabled');
if (disabled !== 'true') {
enabledRadios.push(radios.nth(i));
}
}
// Start from first enabled radio
await enabledRadios[0].click();
await expect(enabledRadios[0]).toBeFocused();
await expect(enabledRadios[0]).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
// Press ArrowDown - should skip disabled and go to next enabled
await enabledRadios[0].press('ArrowDown');
// Should be on next enabled radio (skipping disabled)
const focusedElement = page.locator(':focus');
const focusedDisabled = await focusedElement.getAttribute('aria-disabled');
expect(focusedDisabled).not.toBe('true');
});
});
// ------------------------------------------
// 🔴 High Priority: Click Interaction
// ------------------------------------------
test.describe('APG: Click Interaction', () => {
test('clicking radio selects it', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const secondRadio = radios.nth(1);
await secondRadio.click();
await expect(secondRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
await expect(secondRadio).toBeFocused();
});
test('clicking different radio changes selection', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const firstRadio = radios.first();
const secondRadio = radios.nth(1);
await firstRadio.click();
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
await secondRadio.click();
await expect(secondRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'false');
});
test('clicking disabled radio does not select it', async ({ page }) => {
// Use group with disabled option
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).nth(2);
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
// Find disabled radio
let disabledRadio: import('@playwright/test').Locator | null = null;
const count = await radios.count();
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
const disabled = await radios.nth(i).getAttribute('aria-disabled');
if (disabled === 'true') {
disabledRadio = radios.nth(i);
break;
}
}
expect(disabledRadio).not.toBeNull();
// Click disabled radio (force: true to bypass disabled check)
await disabledRadio!.click({ force: true });
// Should still be unchecked
await expect(disabledRadio!).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'false');
});
});
// ------------------------------------------
// 🔴 High Priority: Focus Management (Roving Tabindex)
// ------------------------------------------
test.describe('APG: Roving Tabindex', () => {
test('selected radio has tabindex="0"', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const secondRadio = radios.nth(1);
await secondRadio.click();
await expect(secondRadio).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
test('non-selected radios have tabindex="-1"', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const count = await radios.count();
// Click first to select it
await radios.first().click();
// Check non-selected radios
for (let i = 1; i < count; i++) {
const radio = radios.nth(i);
const disabled = await radio.getAttribute('aria-disabled');
// Only enabled non-selected radios should have tabindex="-1"
if (disabled !== 'true') {
await expect(radio).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
}
}
});
test('only one radio has tabindex="0" in group', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const count = await radios.count();
// Click first to ensure selection
await radios.first().click();
// Count radios with tabindex="0"
let tabbableCount = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
const tabindex = await radios.nth(i).getAttribute('tabindex');
if (tabindex === '0') {
tabbableCount++;
}
}
expect(tabbableCount).toBe(1);
});
test('disabled radios always have tabindex="-1"', async ({ page }) => {
// Use group with disabled option
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).nth(2);
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const count = await radios.count();
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
const radio = radios.nth(i);
const disabled = await radio.getAttribute('aria-disabled');
if (disabled === 'true') {
await expect(radio).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
}
}
});
test('first enabled radio is tabbable when none selected', async ({ page }) => {
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const firstRadio = radiogroup.getByRole('radio').first();
// First radio should be tabbable initially
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
});
});
// ------------------------------------------
// 🟢 Low Priority: Accessibility
// ------------------------------------------
test.describe('Accessibility', () => {
test('has no axe-core violations', async ({ page }) => {
await getRadioGroup(page).first().waitFor();
const results = await new AxeBuilder({ page })
.include('[role="radiogroup"]')
.disableRules(['color-contrast'])
.analyze();
expect(results.violations).toEqual([]);
});
});
});
}
// ============================================
// Cross-framework Consistency Tests
// ============================================
test.describe('Radio Group - Cross-framework Consistency', () => {
test('all frameworks render radio groups', async ({ page }) => {
for (const framework of frameworks) {
await page.goto(`patterns/radio-group/${framework}/demo/`);
await getRadioGroup(page).first().waitFor();
const radiogroups = getRadioGroup(page);
const count = await radiogroups.count();
expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0);
}
});
test('all frameworks support click to select', async ({ page }) => {
for (const framework of frameworks) {
await page.goto(`patterns/radio-group/${framework}/demo/`);
await getRadioGroup(page).first().waitFor();
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const secondRadio = radiogroup.getByRole('radio').nth(1);
await secondRadio.click();
await expect(secondRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
}
});
test('all frameworks have consistent ARIA structure', async ({ page }) => {
test.setTimeout(60000);
for (const framework of frameworks) {
await page.goto(`patterns/radio-group/${framework}/demo/`);
await getRadioGroup(page).first().waitFor();
// Check radiogroup role
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
await expect(radiogroup).toHaveRole('radiogroup');
// Check radio role
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const count = await radios.count();
expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0);
// Check aria-checked attribute exists
const firstRadio = radios.first();
const ariaChecked = await firstRadio.getAttribute('aria-checked');
expect(ariaChecked === 'true' || ariaChecked === 'false').toBe(true);
}
});
test('all frameworks support keyboard navigation', async ({ page }) => {
test.setTimeout(60000);
for (const framework of frameworks) {
await page.goto(`patterns/radio-group/${framework}/demo/`);
await getRadioGroup(page).first().waitFor();
const radiogroup = getRadioGroup(page).first();
const radios = radiogroup.getByRole('radio');
const firstRadio = radios.first();
const secondRadio = radios.nth(1);
// Click first to focus
await firstRadio.click();
await expect(firstRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
await expect(firstRadio).toBeFocused();
// Arrow down should select second
await firstRadio.press('ArrowDown');
await expect(secondRadio).toBeFocused();
await expect(secondRadio).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
}
});
}); Running Tests
# Run unit tests for Radio Group
npm run test -- radio-group
# Run E2E tests for Radio Group (all frameworks)
npm run test:e2e:pattern --pattern=radio-group
# Run E2E tests for specific framework
npm run test:e2e:react:pattern --pattern=radio-group Testing Tools
- Vitest (opens in new tab) - Test runner for unit tests
- Testing Library (opens in new tab) - Framework-specific testing utilities (React, Vue, Svelte)
- Playwright (opens in new tab) - Browser automation for E2E tests
- axe-core/playwright (opens in new tab) - Automated accessibility testing in E2E
See testing-strategy.md (opens in new tab) for full documentation.
Resources
- WAI-ARIA APG: Radio Group Pattern (opens in new tab)
- MDN: <input type="radio"> (opens in new tab)
- AI Implementation Guide (llm.md) (opens in new tab) - ARIA specs, keyboard support, test checklist